On Design and Realization of Digitally Programmable Square-Wave Generator
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This document presents a simple and low-cost digitally programmable square wave generator circuit using an operational amplifier, binary weighted resistors, and analog switches. The proposed circuit allows the output frequency to be tuned digitally by selecting different combinations of feedback resistors via a binary code. The circuit was tested experimentally and found to generate 7 different frequencies as expected based on the 3-bit codes input. The measured frequencies matched well with the calculated frequencies, with some increase in error as resistances decreased. The proposed circuit provides a low-cost solution for generating digitally tuned square waves using few components.
![International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3057
On design and realization of digitally programmable square-wave
generator
Faroze Ahmad
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Islamic University of Science and Technology (IUST)
Awantipora-192122, Pulwama India
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Abstract: This paper presents a simple and low-cost digitally
tuned square-wave generator using few components. The
behavior of proposed circuit was tested in hardware
implementation. The results obtained are satisfactory to its
theoretical calculations.
Key words: Square wave generator, operational amplifier,
binary weighted resistors, analog switches.
1. INTRODUCTION
Square wave signals find application in various electronic
systems. Digitally tuning the output frequency of square-wave
generators, offer flexibility when used with digital machines.
Circuits of this type have not been popularly discussed in
literature. Abuelma’atti et al in [1], proposed a circuit
employing various activedevicesthus makingoutputfrequency
more sensitive to temperature variations. Another circuit was
proposed by Ali et al in 1994 [2], where in the the effect of
temperature can be compensated by using an analog to digital
(A/D) converter and microcontroller. Both the circuits,
proposed in [1] and [2], show hardware complexiy but have an
advantage of monolithic fabrication. Therearesituations where
accuracy, high speed andmonolithic fabricationarenottheonly
considerations but simplicity and low cost of circuits are
demanded. In view of lack of significant work carriedoutinthis
direction, a very simple and low-cost circuit is presented.
2. PROPOSED CIRCUIT
The conventional non-programmable, operational amplifier
based, circuit for square wave generator is shown in Fig.1. The
frequency of oscillation is given by [3]
fo=1/{2RfCloge[(2R1+R2)/R2]} (1)
and if R2=1.16R1, then
fo=1/2RfC (2)
Fig.1: Non- programmable square wave generator
In the proposed circuit the resistor Rf is replaced with binary
weighted resistor network. Any one of the feedback resistors
(R, 2R, 4R) can be connected by turning on analog switches by
the application of the binary code at b2 b1 b0.
Fig.2: Proposed programmable square wave circuit
For example, when 001 is applied, only one switchisclosedand
therefore only one resistor i.e. 4R is connected and hence a
particular frequency is generated. Similarly for every different
code, except 000, a different frequency values can be achieved.
At 000 all the switches are open and therefore the feedback
path is not closed. If n is the code length, the number of
frequencies (N) is equal to
N = 2n -1 (3)
Now choosing R2=1.16R1, the frequency of oscillation is given
by](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/irjet-v4i6745-180308053149/85/On-Design-and-Realization-of-Digitally-Programmable-Square-Wave-Generator-1-320.jpg)
![International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3058
fo= 1/2ReqC (4)
where Req is calculated as follows
1/Req = [(b0/4R)+(b1/2R)+(b2/R)] (5)
3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
The workability of the circuit was tested in hardware using off
the shelf components. General purpose operational amplifier
IC741 was used within ±10V power supply and CD4066 as
analog switches. The capacitor value chosen was 0.047µf and
the binary weighted network was implemented using three
preset resistors, tuned to 20K, 10K and 5K ohms. The on
resistance (~125Ω) of switches wasnottakenintoaccount.The
circuit was implemented only for 3-bit code word and seven
different frequencies were obtained at different code words
from 001 to 111 as shown in Fig.3. The frequencies obtained
against the resistances corresponding to binary values are
given in table and in Fig. 4(a).
(a) b2 =0b1=0 b0=1 (fo=.515 KHz)
(b) b2 =1b1=1 b0 =1 (fo=3.573 KHz)
Fig. 3: Waveforms generated by proposed circuit
Oscilloscope time scale=500µs
Table
Binary
b2 b1
b0
Resistance
(KΩ)
Calculated
Frequency
fo (KHz)
Measured
Frequency
fo (KHz)
0 0 1 20 .532 .515
0 1 0 10 1.064 1.033
0 1 1 6.6 1.612 1.567
1 0 0 5 2.128 2.057
1 0 1 4 2.660 2.562
1 1 0 3.33 3.195 3.065
1 1 1 2.85 3.733 3.573
Capacitor value=47nf=0.047microfarad
Fig. 4(a)
Fig. 4(b)](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/irjet-v4i6745-180308053149/85/On-Design-and-Realization-of-Digitally-Programmable-Square-Wave-Generator-2-320.jpg)
![International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
© 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3059
As depicted from Fig 4(b), the percentage of error increases
between the theoretically and practically obtained frequencies,
as the resistance decreases. This can be kept small by choosing
high slew rate operational amplifier andtakingintoaccountthe
on resistance of the analog switches while theoretical
calculation.
4. CONCLUSION
A simple square wave generatorwithdigital tuningispresented
in this paper. The circuit uses only one operational amplifier,
and few active and passive components, which makes it
economical for low cost systems.
REFERENCES
[1] M.T Abuelma’atti, Wafa Abdul Rahman
Almansouri and Khaled Muhammad Alruwaihi,
“Digitally programmableactive-R squarewavegenerator,”IEEE
transactions on Instrumentations and measurement, vol. 39.
No.3, pp. 527-530, June 1990.
[2] A.R. Al-Ali, M.T. Abuelma’atti and A. Naveed, “Self-tuned
programmable active-R square wave generator,” IEEE
transactions on instrumentation and measurement, vol 43, No.
3, pp. 499-501, June 1994.
[3] Ramakant A. Gayakward, “Op-Amps and linear integrated
circuits,” Fourth Edition, Pearson Education.
BIOGRAPHY
Faroze Ahmad received M.Sc. and Ph.D in Electronics in 2000
and 2007 respectively from University of Kashmir, Srinagar,
India. He is presently serving as Assistant Professor in E&C
Engineering at Islamic University of Science and Technology
(IUST) Awantipora, J&K India. The major areas of research
include Message Encryption and Spread Spectrum
Communication System.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/irjet-v4i6745-180308053149/85/On-Design-and-Realization-of-Digitally-Programmable-Square-Wave-Generator-3-320.jpg)
On Design and Realization of Digitally Programmable Square-Wave Generator
- 1. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3057 On design and realization of digitally programmable square-wave generator Faroze Ahmad Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Islamic University of Science and Technology (IUST) Awantipora-192122, Pulwama India ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract: This paper presents a simple and low-cost digitally tuned square-wave generator using few components. The behavior of proposed circuit was tested in hardware implementation. The results obtained are satisfactory to its theoretical calculations. Key words: Square wave generator, operational amplifier, binary weighted resistors, analog switches. 1. INTRODUCTION Square wave signals find application in various electronic systems. Digitally tuning the output frequency of square-wave generators, offer flexibility when used with digital machines. Circuits of this type have not been popularly discussed in literature. Abuelma’atti et al in [1], proposed a circuit employing various activedevicesthus makingoutputfrequency more sensitive to temperature variations. Another circuit was proposed by Ali et al in 1994 [2], where in the the effect of temperature can be compensated by using an analog to digital (A/D) converter and microcontroller. Both the circuits, proposed in [1] and [2], show hardware complexiy but have an advantage of monolithic fabrication. Therearesituations where accuracy, high speed andmonolithic fabricationarenottheonly considerations but simplicity and low cost of circuits are demanded. In view of lack of significant work carriedoutinthis direction, a very simple and low-cost circuit is presented. 2. PROPOSED CIRCUIT The conventional non-programmable, operational amplifier based, circuit for square wave generator is shown in Fig.1. The frequency of oscillation is given by [3] fo=1/{2RfCloge[(2R1+R2)/R2]} (1) and if R2=1.16R1, then fo=1/2RfC (2) Fig.1: Non- programmable square wave generator In the proposed circuit the resistor Rf is replaced with binary weighted resistor network. Any one of the feedback resistors (R, 2R, 4R) can be connected by turning on analog switches by the application of the binary code at b2 b1 b0. Fig.2: Proposed programmable square wave circuit For example, when 001 is applied, only one switchisclosedand therefore only one resistor i.e. 4R is connected and hence a particular frequency is generated. Similarly for every different code, except 000, a different frequency values can be achieved. At 000 all the switches are open and therefore the feedback path is not closed. If n is the code length, the number of frequencies (N) is equal to N = 2n -1 (3) Now choosing R2=1.16R1, the frequency of oscillation is given by
- 2. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3058 fo= 1/2ReqC (4) where Req is calculated as follows 1/Req = [(b0/4R)+(b1/2R)+(b2/R)] (5) 3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS The workability of the circuit was tested in hardware using off the shelf components. General purpose operational amplifier IC741 was used within ±10V power supply and CD4066 as analog switches. The capacitor value chosen was 0.047µf and the binary weighted network was implemented using three preset resistors, tuned to 20K, 10K and 5K ohms. The on resistance (~125Ω) of switches wasnottakenintoaccount.The circuit was implemented only for 3-bit code word and seven different frequencies were obtained at different code words from 001 to 111 as shown in Fig.3. The frequencies obtained against the resistances corresponding to binary values are given in table and in Fig. 4(a). (a) b2 =0b1=0 b0=1 (fo=.515 KHz) (b) b2 =1b1=1 b0 =1 (fo=3.573 KHz) Fig. 3: Waveforms generated by proposed circuit Oscilloscope time scale=500µs Table Binary b2 b1 b0 Resistance (KΩ) Calculated Frequency fo (KHz) Measured Frequency fo (KHz) 0 0 1 20 .532 .515 0 1 0 10 1.064 1.033 0 1 1 6.6 1.612 1.567 1 0 0 5 2.128 2.057 1 0 1 4 2.660 2.562 1 1 0 3.33 3.195 3.065 1 1 1 2.85 3.733 3.573 Capacitor value=47nf=0.047microfarad Fig. 4(a) Fig. 4(b)
- 3. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3059 As depicted from Fig 4(b), the percentage of error increases between the theoretically and practically obtained frequencies, as the resistance decreases. This can be kept small by choosing high slew rate operational amplifier andtakingintoaccountthe on resistance of the analog switches while theoretical calculation. 4. CONCLUSION A simple square wave generatorwithdigital tuningispresented in this paper. The circuit uses only one operational amplifier, and few active and passive components, which makes it economical for low cost systems. REFERENCES [1] M.T Abuelma’atti, Wafa Abdul Rahman Almansouri and Khaled Muhammad Alruwaihi, “Digitally programmableactive-R squarewavegenerator,”IEEE transactions on Instrumentations and measurement, vol. 39. No.3, pp. 527-530, June 1990. [2] A.R. Al-Ali, M.T. Abuelma’atti and A. Naveed, “Self-tuned programmable active-R square wave generator,” IEEE transactions on instrumentation and measurement, vol 43, No. 3, pp. 499-501, June 1994. [3] Ramakant A. Gayakward, “Op-Amps and linear integrated circuits,” Fourth Edition, Pearson Education. BIOGRAPHY Faroze Ahmad received M.Sc. and Ph.D in Electronics in 2000 and 2007 respectively from University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India. He is presently serving as Assistant Professor in E&C Engineering at Islamic University of Science and Technology (IUST) Awantipora, J&K India. The major areas of research include Message Encryption and Spread Spectrum Communication System.