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Similar to Oral habits 3rd yr BDS Classification.pptx
Oral habits 3rd yr BDS Classification.pptx
- 1.
- 3. Habits - Definition Dorland (1957) – Habit can be defined as a fixed or constant practice established by frequent repetition Buttersworth (1961)) – Habit can be defined as a frequent or constant practice or acquired tendency, which has been fixed by frequent repetition Maslow (1949) – Habit is a formed reaction that is resistant to change whether useful or harmful, depending to the degree to which it interferes with the child’s physical, emotional and social functions Moyers (1949) – Oral Habits are learned patterns of muscular contractions, which are complex in nature Johnson (1938) – A habit is an inclination or aptitude for some action acquired by frequent repetition and showing itself in increased facility to performance and educed power of resistance
- 4. Habit is anautonomic response to a situation acquired normally as the result of repetition and learning, strictly applicable only to motor responses. At each repetition the act becomes less conscious and can lead to a unconscious habit.
- 5. Classification of habits WilliamJAMES (1923) classified habits into: Useful Habits Include habits of normal function, e.g , . Harmful Habits Includes all habits which exert pressures/stresses against teeth and dental arches and also
- 7. KINGSLEY (1956) Basedon the nature of the habits, Kingsley (1956) classified habits as: 1. Functional oral habit: e.g. mouth breathing. 2. Muscular habits: Tongue thrusting, cheek/lip biting. 3. Combined muscular habits: Thumb and finger sucking. 4. Postural habits Chin-propping Face leaning on hand Abnormal pillowing.
- 8. EARNST KLEIN (1971) Intentional / Meaningful Habits Intentional / meaningful habits are caused by a definite underlying psychological disturbance. Unintentional / Empty Habits A meaniningless habit, has no need for support. They can be easily treated by reminder appliances.
- 9. FINN AND SIM(1975) • 1. Compulsive oral habits • 2. Non-compulsive oral habits.
- 10. Compulsive Habits Anoral habit is compulsive when it has acquired a fixation in the child to the extent that he retreats to the practice of this habit whenever his security is threatened by events which occur in his world.
- 11. Various etiologiesimplicated are: • Rapid feeding patterns • Too little feeding at a time • Too much tension during feeding • Bottle feeding • Insecurity brought by a lack of love and tenderness by mother.
- 12. Non-compulsive Habits • Non-compulsivehabits are the ones that are easily added or dropped from the child's behavior pattern as he matures. • Continual behavior modification causes release of undesirable habits and addition of new socially acceptable ones.
- 13. According to thecause of the habit Physiologic Habits Those required for normal physiologic functioning, e.g. nasal breathing, sucking during infancy. Pathologic Habits Those that are pursued due to pathologic reasons e.g. mouth breathing due to deviated nasal septum (DNS)/ enlarge adenoids.
- 14. Triad of ahabit The deleterious effects produced by a habit depends upon three factors. Triad of Habit Frequency Duration Intesity
- 15. • Duration: Thetime spent indulging in a habit • Frequency: The number of times the habit is activated in a day • Intensity: The vigor with which the habit is performed
- 16. • Pinkham hasadded a fourth dimension to the oral habits, i.e. direction Intensity Direction (Pinkham) Frequency Duration
- 17. DIGIT-SUCKING HABIT THUMB/FINGER-SUCKING DEFINITIONS •Gellin (1978): Defines digit-sucking as placement of thumb or one or more fingers in varying depths into the mouth. • Moyers: Repeated and forceful sucking of thumb with associated strong buccal and lip contractions.
- 18. SUCKING REFLEX Anatomyand Physiology of Sucking • Engel on direct observation of infants during the first year of life revealed their organization to be an oral and clinging one.
- 19. There are twoforms of sucking: • Nutritive Sucking: This is the sucking mechanism involved in breast feeding and bottle feeding. • Non Nutritive Sucking (NNS): is the earliest form of sucking adapted by child in response to frustration or anxiety.
- 20. Theories of thumb sucking(non- nutritional sucking)
- 21. Psychoanalytical theory ofpsychosexual development (sigmund freud) 1905 • In 1938, Freud postulated that thumb sucking is a manifestation of infantile sexuality and the persistant thumb sucking is a result of prolonged emotional disturbance and should not be treated without identfying the underlying psychological causes.
- 22. • An infantassociates sucking with pleasurable feelings such as hunger, satiety and being held. • These events will be replaced in later life by transferring the sucking action to the most suitable object available, namely the thumb or fingers.
- 23. The learning theory Davidson(1967) • This theory advocates that non nutritive sucking is an adaptive response. • The infant associates sucking with such pleasurable feelings as hunger, satiety and being held. • These events are recalled by sucking action of the suitable objects available, namely the thumb or finger. • According to this theory there is no underlying psychological importance to prolonged non-nutritive sucking.
- 24. Benjamin’s theory (1967) • Benjaminput his hypothesis that thumb sucking arises simply and mechanistically from the rooting and placing reflexes seen in all human infants, monkeys and even infra- primate mammals. • Rooting reflex is head turning response – if the infant’s cheek is stimulated by an object he turns towards the object and opens the mouth. • This reflex is more common around 3-4 months of age and disappears in normal infants around 7-8 months of age.
- 25. • The rootingreflex is associated with sucking. • The object in infants at times of hunger is the mother’s breast. • Sometimes an infant may place finder accidently toward cheek (towards mouth) particularly when the child is hungry or placed in crib when he is devoid of mother’s breast.
- 26. Clinical phases ofthumb sucking habit • Phase I: (normal and sub-clinically significant): This phase starts from child’s birth and extends up to 3 years of age. • Ordinarily, the sucking is naturally reduced by itself during normal development. • The presence of thumb sucking during this phase is considered quite normal and usually terminates at the end of phase one. • Persistence of the habit beyond this age can lead to various malocclusions.
- 27. • Phase II(Clinically significant sucking): This phase extends from age 3 to 7 years. • The presence of sucking during this period is an indication that the child is under great anxiety. • A firm and definitive program of correction is indicated at this time. • Treatment to solve the dental problems should be inititated during this phase. • Any deviation produced by thumb sucking will return to normality if the habit is interrupted.
- 28. • Phase III(intractable sucking): Any thumb sucking persisting after child’s fourth year of age presents the dentist with a problem. • It alerts the dentist to the underlying psychological aspect of the habit. • Psychological consultation is advised during this phase.
- 29. Effects of thumbsucking The type of malocclusion that may be developed in the thumb sucking is dependent on a number of variables: 1. Position of the digit during sucking 2. Associated facial muscle contraction. 3. Position of the mandible. 4. Facial skeletal morphology.
- 30. Classical finding ofa regular pattern thumb sucking: SKELETAL: 1. High narrow arch palate 2. Prognathic maxilla 3. Retrognathic mandible 4. Open bite tendency
- 31. DENTAL 1. Proclinedupper incisors 2. Retroclined lower incisors 3. Increased overjet. 4. Anterior open bite 5. Posterior crossbites
- 32. SOFT TISSUE 1.Incompetent lips 2. Hypotonic upper lip 3. Hypertonic lower lip and hyperactive mentalis muscle.
- 35. OTHER EFFECTS 1.Affect psychological health 2. Deformation of digit 3. Speech defects (lisping)
- 37. Induction effects: 1.The child may develop compensatory tongue thrust and mouth breathing habit as a result of the open bite.
Editor's Notes
- #11 They express deep-seated emotional need and attempts to correct them may cause increased anxiety. - The act serves as a bulwark against society or a safety valve when emotional pressures are too much to bear
- #18 -Most commonly observed oral habit among children Although presence of such habit is considered as a part of normal development of the child, its persistence beyond preschool years would have profound deleterious effects on developing dentofacial structures and occlusion and can thus lead to malocclusion Practically all children take up this habit, but eventually discontinue it spontaneously with age and maturation, as growth unfolds.
- #19 - Sucking is first coordinated muscular activity of the infant which meets both nutritive and psychological needs in the early years of life. Occurs from oral stage of development and can be seen as early as 29th week of IUL and can be considered normal if seen in between 1-3 years of age. Apart from seeking nutritional satisfactn, infants also experience pleasurable stimuli from lips, tongue and oral mucosa and learn to associate these with enjoyable sensations like hunger, fondling and closeness of parent.
- #20 Children who are not breast fed properly and the children who are deprived of affection try to satisfy their needs with habits like thumb sucking This provides a sense of security but has an everlasting effect on dentofacial complex.
- #22 He suggested that a child passes through different psychosexual stages at different ages. The various stages are oral, anal, uretheral, phallic, latency and genital stage
- #34 Multiple effects of prolonged thumb sucking case resulting into skeletal class 2 div 1 malocclusn Extra oral features: convex profile, dec. nasolabial angle, posterior facial convergence and incompetent lips Intra oral features: prognathic maxilla, retrognathic mandible, proclinatn of upper incisors, retroclinatn of lower incrs, v shaped maxillary arch
- #35 A) Intraoral features: prognathic maxilla, retrognathic mandible, proclinatn of upper incisors, retroclinatn of lower incrs, v shaped maxillary arch, inc overjet, inc overbite B) Extraoral features: convex facial profile, hypertonic lower lip, hyperactive mentalis, posterior facial divergence