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Overview on Vaccine, Immunity, Types of Immunity and Immunisation
The document presents an overview of vaccines, highlighting their definitions, types of immunity, and immunization processes. It details the responses of vaccines in the body, vaccine composition, historical developments, various types of vaccines, their ideal characteristics, and the differences between active and passive immunity. Additionally, it categorizes vaccines into monovalent, polyvalent, and combination vaccines, along with discussing innate and specific immunity responses.
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Overview on Vaccine, Immunity, Types of Immunity and Immunisation
- 1. OVERVIEW OF VACCINES, TYPESOF IMMUNITY AND IMMUNIZATION Presented By Ms. Monika P. Maske Assistant Professor M. Pharm (Pharmaceutical Chemistry) Ms. M. P. Maske 1
- 2. Introduction • Thevaccine defined as pharmaceutical suspension or solution of immunogenic substance or compound that is intended to induce active immunity. • The vaccine term is applied to all the agents of active immunisation and the process is known as vaccination. • The term vaccine applies to all biological preparations, produced from living organisms, that enhance immunity against disease either prevent or treat diseases. • Vaccine are administered in liquid form by injection, oral, by intra- nasal routes. Ms. M. P. Maske 2
- 3. Response of Vaccine In Body •Primary response : During the vaccination, vaccine are injected in the body, it behaves as a antigen or foreign substance to the body, so our body work against this substances and produced the antibodies create a immunity this is known as primary response against disease. • Secondary response : After that immunity is developed and stored in the memory cells of the brain regarding to the previous infections. • In future any similar infections are cause then our immune system give rapid response and fight against disease this is known as secondary response by producing antibodies. Ms. M. P. Maske 3
- 4. • Vaccines playa major role in prophylactic and therapeutic role in many disease. • Antigen : Antigen are those substances that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies (protective body). It behaves like foreign particles like bacteria, virus for recipient body and cause undesirable changes, then recipient body protects itself by producing the antibodies. • Antibody : Antibody is the proteinaceous protective modification produced by the immune system in response to the presence of the foreign substances like bacteria, viruses and neutralize their activities. • It is also called immunoglobulin and each molecule contains four peptide chains, two small called light chains and two heavy chain/longer chain (H2L2). Ms. M. P. Maske 4
- 5. Composition Of Vaccines • Bulk antigen(main component) of vaccine mixed with other fluids like water, saline, additives or preservatives and sometimes adjuvants these additional substance known a excipients. • Vaccines are usually formulated as liquids, freeze properly. • Preservatives ensure the sterility of the vaccine. • They used to prevent contamination of multi-dose containers. • Sometimes preservatives are added during manufacturing to prevent microbial contamination. Ms. M. P. Maske 5
- 6. History of Vaccine • Discoveryof Immune system : Edward Jenner (1749-1823) - Edward was creating the concept of vaccines and formulated the small pox vaccine. • After that Louis Pasteur (1878) discovered the rabies and anthrax vaccine. Ms. M. P. Maske 6
- 7. Types of Vaccine Ms.M. P. Maske 7 • There are four types of vaccines, categorized by the antigen (inactive microbes, toxins, surface protein) used in their preparation.
- 8. 1.Live attenuated vaccine (LAV) 1. Live attenuatedvaccine (LAV) : Live attenuated vaccines (LAV) is prepared by pathogens (virus or bacteria) which causes the infections or disease, that have been weakened under laboratory condition. • Live microorganisms provide continual antigenic stimulation giving sufficient time for memory cell production. • Due to their weak activity it cause no or very mild disease. • Example: Tuberculosis (BCG), Oral polio vaccine (OPV), Measles, Rotavirus, Yellow fever. Ms. M. P. Maske 8
- 9. 2. Inactivate d vaccine (Killed vaccine) 2. Inactivatedvaccine (Killed vaccine) : Inactivated vaccines are prepared by the method of killing antigens through the physical or chemical processes. • These killed organisms cannot cause risk of inducing the disease and they are also considered more stable than LAV vaccines. • Example: Whole cell pertussis, Inactivated polio virus (IPV). Ms. M. P. Maske 9
- 10. 3. Subunit vaccine (Purified antigen) 3. Subunitvaccine (Purified antigen) : Subunit vaccines contains the antigenic parts ( disease causing portion) of antigen. • Like inactivated vaccine it also not contains the live components of antigen, it is only contains the antigenic parts like surface protein, conjugated chemicals, polysaccharide etc. • Example: Pertussis, influenza type b Pneumococcal, Hepatitis B. Ms. M. P. Maske 10
- 11. 4. Toxoid vaccine (Inactivated Toxoid) 4. Toxoidvaccine (Inactivated Toxoid) : Toxoid vaccines are based on the toxin produced by certain bacteria. • Released toxin is used to prepare the vaccine and these parts are necessary to elicit a protective immune response and produce antibody. • Example: Tetanus Toxoid (TT), Diphtheria Toxoid. Ms. M. P. Maske 11
- 12. Ideal characteristics of vaccine • Not causeany allergic reaction. • Easily administrable without any harm. • Easy to store not shows any incompatibility with storage materials. • Easily available and low economic value. • Not cause any disease condition and rapidly produces antibody effects. Ms. M. P. Maske 12
- 13. On the basis of component svaccine are also divided • Monovalent vaccine : A monovalent vaccine contains a single strain of disease causing specific antigen. Example: Measles vaccine • Polyvalent vaccine : It contains two or more strains/serotypes of disease causing specific antigen. Example: Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) • Combination vaccine : In combination vaccine many antigen are combined in the single injection that can prevent different diseases or that protect against multiple strains of infectious agents causing the same disease. Example: Combination vaccine DPT (Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus antigens) Ms. M. P. Maske 13
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- 16. Immunity • Immunity : Immunityis define as the ability of immune system to produce the immune response against the disease causing organisms like bacteria, virus, fungus, and other foreign agent. • The defense mechanism of body may be divided into two form, 1. Non-specific/Innate/Neutral immunity 2. Specific/Acquired/Adaptive immunity Ms. M. P. Maske 16
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- 18. Non-specific : • Itspresent in every individual from birth, affected by genetic and molecular structure of the gene. • Species Immunity : This type of immunity found in all members of species like microbes are pathogenic to humans but does not infect animals. Exp: B. anthracis infects humans but not chickens. • Racial Immunity : In which various races show marked differences in their resistance to certain infectious diseases. • Individual Immunity : Its found in different individuals of same race and species possessing variable resistance against infection. Ms. M. P. Maske 18
- 19. Innate immunity consists of four types ofBarriers 1. Physical barriers : They are in the form of skin and mucous membrane. • Skin on our body is the main barrier which prevents entry of the microorganisms. • Mucus coating of the epithelium lining is also provide the barrier and also prevents the microbes entering in our body. • It is present in respiratory, gastrointestinal tracts. 2. Chemical barriers : They are in the form of gastric and digestive enzymes. • Tears from eyes – all prevent microbial growth Ms. M. P. Maske 19
- 20. 3. Cellular barriers: Certain type of leukocytes (WBC) of our body like polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes (PMNL- neutrophils) and monocytes and natural killer (type of lymphocytes) in the blood as well as macrophages in tissues can phagocytose and destroy microbes. 4. Cytokine barriers : Virus infected cells secrete proteins called interferon’s which protect non-infected cells from further viral infection. Ms. M. P. Maske 20
- 21. Specific Immunity : • It’sthe set of responses which the immune system activates to target specific pathogens. • Active Immunity : The resistance developed by an individual after effective contact with an antigen. • Natural active immunity : Immunity is long lasting. Exp: Individual recovering from chicken pox infection acquire natural active immunity against it. • Artificial active immunity : Involves vaccines this are preparations of live, killed microorganisms or toxoids. Ms. M. P. Maske 21
- 22. • Passive Immunity: The immunity performed antibodies against infective agents or toxins. Exp : Anti-venom is used in cases of snake bites. • Natural passive immunity : This is seen when antibodies are transferred from mother to foetus and protect till its own immune system develops to function. • Artificial passive immunity : These chemicals or agents are introduced in the body through parenteral route. Ms. M. P. Maske 22
- 23. Sr. No. ActiveImmunity Passive Immunity 1 Its developed immunity. Its produced immunity. 2 Slow and long-lasting. Relatively fast and short-lived. 3 A booster dose, if required can be given to Provide lifelong immunity. A booster dose does not help in maintaining immunity for long. 4 Antigen are administered. Antibodies are administered. 5 Given in long term prophylaxis. Given in short term prophylaxis. 6 Prevents a disease and is administered before infection. Administered after the subject has been exposed to an infection. Difference between Active and Passive Immunity Ms. M. P. Maske 23
- 24. Ms. M. P.Maske 24 Thank You