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Overview: Principal Uses of Cases in Sanskrit.pptx
- 1. Overview: Principal uses of Cases Preparedby Surabhi Isha Mottea, Mahatma Gandhi Institute, licensed under CC BY 4.0
- 2. प्रथमा विभक्ति /Nominative Case ● Subject of active voice sentence Ex: रामः पठति। (Rāma reads) ● Direct object of passive voice sentence Ex: रामेण पुस्तकं लिख्यते। (The book is written by Rāma) ● संबोधन / Sambodhana (Vocative Case) Ex: हे राम! (O Rāma!)
- 3. Verbal-root associated: गम्(To go), Vad (To speak), Nam (To greet/salute) द्वितीया विभक्ति / Accusative Case ● Direct object of active voice sentence Ex: रामः पुस्तकं लिखति। (Rāma writes a book) ● Destination Ex: राम: विद्यालयं गच्छति। (Rāma goes to school) Indeclinable word associated: प्रति (Towards)
- 4. तृतीया विभक्ति /Instrumental Case ● Means (Instrument) of action in active voice sentence Ex: रामः हस्तेन लिखति। (Rāma writes with hand) ● Subject of passive voice sentence Ex: रामेण पुस्तकं लिख्यते। (The book is written by Rāma) ● Accompaniment of subject Ex: राम: बालकेन सह पठति। (Rāma goes with the boy) Indeclinable word associated: सह (together) Verbal-root associated: मिल् (To meet)
- 5. Verbal-root associated: दा/ यच्छ् (To give) चतुर्थी विभक्ति / Dative Case ● Receiver of direct object (Indirect object) Ex: सः जनकाय पुस्तकं ददाति। (He gives a book to father) ● Purpose of action Ex: सः पठनाय पुस्तकम् आनयति। (He bring a book for reading)
- 6. Verbal-root associated: रक्ष्(To protect), भी (To be afraid) पञ्चमी विभक्ति / Ablative Case ● Focal point during separation Ex: सः विद्यालयात् आगच्छति। (He comes from school) ● Standard of Comparison Ex: आपणात् विद्यालयः विशालः। (The school is bigger than the shop)
- 7. Indeclinable word associated:कृते (for), समीपम् (near), उपरि (above), अधः (below) षष्ठी विभक्ति / Genitive Case ● Relationship Ex: रामस्य जनकः। (The father of Rāma) छात्रस्य पुस्तकम्। (The student’s book)
- 8. Verbal-root associated: स्निह्(To love) सप्तमी विभक्ति / Locative Case ● Location of action Ex: राम: विद्यालये पठति। (Rāma studies at school) ● Time of action Ex: राम: सायंकाले पठति। (Rāma studies in the afternoon) जनकः अष्टवादने खादति। (Father eats at eight o’clock)
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