![Bore x Stroke : 50.0 x 49.50 mm
Fuel Type : Petrol
Starter : Kick
Fig. 5: Kinetic K4 Engine
In this experiment, as observed does not contain any
type of fuel, working only on compressed air. It
requires some changes in lobs of cam shaft. Initially,
the lobs were present at 60 degrees apart from each
other, which turned to 180 degree to each other. It
means when the inlet valve is open, the outlet valve
remain closed and vice-versa, so that expansion of
compressed air inside cylinder can take place easily.
The quantity of pressurized air in engine could be
maintained with the help of accelerator. Here, the
engine could be start with the help of kick only. The
compressed air is supplied continuously, but no air
will be wasted. The engine also consists of gear
mechanism, containing four gears, which can be
used at varied payload and speed.
Manufacturing and developments
Various companies are investing in the research,
development and deployment of compressed air
cars. Overoptimistic reports of impending production
date back to at least May 1999. Most of the cars
underdevelopment also rely on using similar
technology to low-energy vehicles in order to
increase the range and performance of their cars.
Here is a brief list of few leading manufacturers who
are putting their concerted efforts towards making
compressed air vehicle a reality for public us .
1. Motor Development International, France
2. Tata Motors, India
3. The Energine Corporation, a South Korean
company
4. K'Airmobiles vehicles, France
5. Engine-air company, Australian
6. Honda Air concept car.
Expected outcomes
The following points could be the expected
outcomes of compressed air engine are:
1. Light weight of compressed air vehicle.
2. Easy to transport.
3. Easy to handle.
4. Cheaper in cost.
5. Able to work in drastic/critical flammable areas.
6. No ignitions of any fuel.
7. Eco-friendly, No emission of any type of
pollution and pollutant.
References
[1] Saurabh pathak, compressed air vehicle: a review,
Proceedings of 4th IRF International Conference, Chennai,
9th March-2014, ISBN: 978-93-82702-64-1
[2] Nitin Parashar, Syed Mazhar Ali, Sumit Chauhan, Ravi
Saini : Design and Analysis of Compressed Air Engine.
International Journal of Engineering Research &
Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 3 Issue 6, June –
2014
[3] Haisheng Chen et al. “Air fuelled zero emission road
transportation: A comparative study” Applied Energy 88
(2011), 24 June 2010, pp: 337–342
[4] Mistry Manish K. Study and development of
compresswd air engine single cyinder: a review study,
International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology
E-ISSN 0976-3945
[5] Arjit Mourya, Modified Compressed Air Engine Two
stroke engine working on the design of a four stroke
petrol engine, ISSN (Print): 2319-3182, Volume -3, Issue-4,
2014.
[6] J P Yadav and Bharat raj singh, Study and Fabrication of
Compressed Air Engine, copyright samriddhi, 2011 S-JPSET
: ISSN : 2229-7111, Vol. 2, Issue 1.
[7] S. S. Verma, Latest Developments of a Compressed Air
Vehicle: A Status Report, Global Journal of Researches in
Engineering Automotive Engineering Volume 13 Issue 1
Version 1.0 Year 2013.
Author’s details
1
Research Scholar,
2,3
Assistant Professor, MIT, Bhopal, M.P.,
Email: Raj860222@gmail.com, rajkushwah42@yahoo.com](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/p-12-230328095846-41ffdd8d/85/P-12-pdf-5-320.jpg)
P-12.pdf
- 1. Design and Analysis of Engine for Compressed Air Vehicle 1 Raj kumar, 2 Arvind singh, 3 O. P. Shukla Introduction The Air compressed vehicle is a vehicle which works on principle of high pressure. The air can be stored inside the high pressure vessels. The vessels (cylinders) can be made by metals or carbon fiber and it should be light in weight as it has to be carried along the vehicle. The air inside the cylinder is transferred by compressor. The compressor can run through conventional and well as non-conventional resources like wind, solar or tidal energy etc. The engine is similar to 4 stroke SI engine, but require some manipulations it to cop up with compressed air engine like changes in the design of piston, cylinder and crankshaft. A 4 stroke engine comprises of four processes to complete a cycle, whereby a compressed air engine requires only two processes to execute a cycle i.e. intake and expansion. To have standby or ready position of the vehicle, it is necessary to function both inlet and outlet valve simultaneously with continuous flow of compressed air. For that, the camshaft mechanism has been changed for the better functioning of above mentioned two processes. Here, both the ‘lobs’ of camshaft has been rotated radially to 180̊ (exactly opposite to each other) by means of mechanical tools. Here, the design of engine has been changed in order to achieve proper valve timing, reduction in mechanical, thermal and frictional losses as well as reducing the efforts exerted on compressed air. It requires the analyzing of experimental setup before giving it a physical dimension. The vehicle has non-combustible engine, it work only on pressure and the correct timing of valve mechanism. It is totally eco-friendly, non-poisonous, safe and easy to use besides having many industrial applications like mining and exploration areas. Abstract Today, The level of air pollution in environment is increasing drastically, resulting the diseases like Pneumoconiosis, asthma, cancer, poor visibility, respiratory problems, poor visibility, breathing problems, red blood diseases, lung disorders and other lung diseases as well as harming our environment too. Several steps have been taken by governments (like odd even formula for Delhi vehicles) as well as by individuals to reduce the pollution effects. A small step towards reducing the level of air pollution is made by designing an efficient compressed air engine. An Air compressed engine, working on the principle of compressed air. The engine requires only pressurized air, which can be stored in a small cylindrical tank. The compressed air can be collected by using non-conventional energy resources like wind, solar or tidal energy etc. Initially the experiment is been performed on internal combustion engine, in which inlet valve mechanism, power source and valve timing has been changed and able to work at 6bar pressure. In this papers, the optimized design and analysis of piston-cylinder and cam shaft is been made on CATIA software, to reduce the frictional, power, mechanical and pressure losses as well as the cost and engine efficiency. As the vehicle has non-combustible engine, it work only on pressure and proper valve mechanism. It is totally eco-friendly, non-poisonous, safe and easy to use. So, it can be used in manufacturing industries, tourist places like Heritage sites, mining and exploration areas.
- 2. Literature survey The first compressed air vehicle was established in France by a Polish engineer Louis Mekarski in 1870ˡ. It was patented in 1872 and 1873 and was tested in Paris in 1876. The working principle of Mekarski’s engine was the use of energy stored in compressed air to increase gas enthalpy of hot water when it is passed through hot water. In fact, two centuries before that Dennis Papin² apparently came up with the idea of using compressed air (Royal Society London, 1687). In 1892, Robert Hardie² introduced a new method of heating that at the same time served to increase the range of the engine which in turn helped to increase the distance that could be traveled at a stretch. One of its new features was regenerative braking. By using the engine as a compressor during deceleration, air and heat were added to the tanks, increasing the range between fill-ups. The compressed air vehicles have significant economical and environmental advantages. Later the similar study and experiments have made by Nitin Parashar³ in 2014 to attain maximum efficiency. According to their research, some observations are been made which are as follow: Compressed air was filled in the LPG cylinder at 600psi, and the vehicle was driven at a distance. We know that 1 psi = 0.0689 bar where Psi (pounds per square inch) and 1 bar= 10⁵ N/m². The air inside cylinder was at 600psi and able to run the vehicle only at 45kmph by manipulating engine camshaft. In his modified camshaft, the inlet valve was closed and a circular cam was made for the exhaust valve, which was placed at opposite to the present lobs. The similar experiment was performed by other researcher on compressed vehicle, by placing the two lobs on opposite side of the present lobs of camshaft. The table illustrates the observations recorded by Nitin Parashar (Table.1). In his experimental setup the pressure inside the engine cylinder is 140 Psi or 9.652bar. However, experiments performed above were demanding high pressure and little precautions. At 600psi the engine worked to travel a distance of 3.4 kms. Also a speed of 60kmph was achieved in full throttle was recorded by Arjit Moury . Table.1 Observations by Nitin Parashar The experiment performed by J P Yadav and Bharat Raj Singh⁵ (Table.2) by placing a solenoid valve for correct valve timing of compressed air. This engine works like a diesel engine. At the end of compression stroke, a very high pressure air at room temperature is injected into the cylinder. Injection of air by electro-mechanical injection system and a mini circuit for operating the valve on correct timing, which could be typical for using it in remote areas. Table 2: Observations by J P Yadav Basics of four stroke engine A cycle is a sequence of operations constantly repeated, and ‘four-stroke’ refers to the number of strokes of the piston required to complete one cycle. Observation recorded by Nitin Parashar for Air Cylinder Specifications Type Metallic Length 60 Inches or 152cm Inside Pressure 140psi or 9.6526 bar Regulating Pressure 101.526Psi or 7bar Engine starting pressure 87.02264psi or 6bar Volume 300pond or 136.078kg Observation recorded by J P Yadav for Pneumatic Solenoid Valves Working Medium Air Acting Type Internally pilot- actuated Working Pressure 10 to 17 bar Proof Pressure 15 bar Operating Temperature 5 to 50̊C
- 3. Refer Fig.1 for the arrangement of different parts of four stroke cycle system. The reciprocating piston is present inside a cylinder, which is connected to the crankshaft through connecting rod and the crank. The inlet (suction) and outlet (exhaust) valves are housed in the cylinder head. The cylinder is also provided with an electric spark plug. The important parts of the engine are the connecting rod, piston, crankshaft and the cylinder block which including the cylinder head. The cylinder head comprises of the rocker arm and spring mechanism. Cam controls the opening and closing of the inlet valve and exhaust valve. The cylinder block is surrounded by cooling water jackets to cool the engine block. Fig.1: Parts of Engine cylinder In Four stroke - cycle engine, the cycle of operation is completed in four-strokes of the piston or can say in two revolutions of crankshaft. It means 720 degree (Crank angle) for complete cycle.Fig.1, showing the position and movement of piston. The four strokes of SI engine are as follow: 1. Suction 2. Compression stroke 3. Expansion stroke 4. Exhaust stroke Suction stroke The inlet valve opens at 0 just before the TDC (Top Dead Centre) , the piston moves from TDC to BDC(Bottom Dead Centre) , these are the two extreme most positions of the piston. A mixture of air and fuel (charge) is passed into the cylinder through inlet valve. When it moves the pressure inside cylinder get reduced, which creates suction, the pressure difference during the operations, ideally the inlet valve should be closed at point but in actual, it does not happen. Compression stroke The second stroke is the compression stroke in which the piston moves from BDC to TDC. When the piston moves from BDC to TDC the inlet valve closes and the charge is compressed thereby increasing its temperature. A. Intake valve, Rocker Arm & Spring I. Cam shaft B. Valve Cover J. Exhaust valve C. Intake port K. Spark plug D. Head L. Exhaust port E. Oil Sump M. Metallic body F. Camshaft N. Connecting rod G. Oil Pan H. Oil sump
- 4. Fig.2 Four-strokes of SI Engine At the TDC position, the charge occupies the volume space above the piston, which is called the clearance volume. Just before the end of the compression stroke, the spark is timed to occur. There is a time delay between sparking and actual commencement of combustion. The combustion process occurs mainly at almost constant volume, and there is a large increase in pressure and temperature of the charge during this process. Expansion stroke The third stroke is the expansion stroke or power stroke. The main power of the engine is generated from this stroke. When the piston is at TDC the spark plug makes a spark inside the cylinder block thereby igniting the charge and the piston start moving from TDC to BDC with the help of high pressure and temperature generated by hot gases inside the cylinder. Some amount of power is stored the flywheel to perform the other three remaining strokes and the rest of the power is utilized to drive the wheels of the car. The inlet and the exhaust valves remain closed at the time of combustion. It appears that the expansion proceeds to completion, but in order to release the burn gaseous product, the exhaust valve opens at some point , which is before the BDC. Exhaust stroke When the piston moves from BDC to TDC points. The hot gases and the fumes which are generated from combustion of the charge inside the cylinder are pushed out by the piston through the exhaust valve. At that time the inlet valve remained closed. The pressure during this stroke is slightly higher than atmospheric pressure. The exhaust valve closes nearly at the end of the exhaust stroke. Besides swept volume, some space remained beyond that, between piston and engine head which is called as clearance space. The clearance space cannot be exhausted. The exhaust gases remaining in the clearance space are called the residual gases. The compressed mixture for second cycle is consisting of both, the fresh charge and the residual gases of first cycle. Thus for one complete cycle, there is only one power stroke while the crankshaft makes two revolutions to complete all the operations Study and development The experiment of is preformed on KINETIC K4 100 model petrol engine, in which air is supplied from inlet valve at 6bar pressure. Fig. 3: Cam shaft of SI engine With some manipulations in design parameters of the engine like modification in cam profile. Fig. 4: Modified cam shaft for compressed air engine It ran the vehicle at maximum 30kmph with some air leakage, bearing the load of 100kg plus chassis weight too. So, with the help of changes in design parameters of petrol engine, we can able to increase the performance of air compressed vehicle engine. Specifications of experimented engine Model : Kinetic K4 100 Engine displacement : 97.2 CC Engine type : Air cooled, 4 stroke Number of cylinders : 1 Valves per cylinder : 2 Max Power : 6.0 PS @7500 rpm Max Torque : 5.4 Nm @5500 rpm
- 5. Bore x Stroke : 50.0 x 49.50 mm Fuel Type : Petrol Starter : Kick Fig. 5: Kinetic K4 Engine In this experiment, as observed does not contain any type of fuel, working only on compressed air. It requires some changes in lobs of cam shaft. Initially, the lobs were present at 60 degrees apart from each other, which turned to 180 degree to each other. It means when the inlet valve is open, the outlet valve remain closed and vice-versa, so that expansion of compressed air inside cylinder can take place easily. The quantity of pressurized air in engine could be maintained with the help of accelerator. Here, the engine could be start with the help of kick only. The compressed air is supplied continuously, but no air will be wasted. The engine also consists of gear mechanism, containing four gears, which can be used at varied payload and speed. Manufacturing and developments Various companies are investing in the research, development and deployment of compressed air cars. Overoptimistic reports of impending production date back to at least May 1999. Most of the cars underdevelopment also rely on using similar technology to low-energy vehicles in order to increase the range and performance of their cars. Here is a brief list of few leading manufacturers who are putting their concerted efforts towards making compressed air vehicle a reality for public us . 1. Motor Development International, France 2. Tata Motors, India 3. The Energine Corporation, a South Korean company 4. K'Airmobiles vehicles, France 5. Engine-air company, Australian 6. Honda Air concept car. Expected outcomes The following points could be the expected outcomes of compressed air engine are: 1. Light weight of compressed air vehicle. 2. Easy to transport. 3. Easy to handle. 4. Cheaper in cost. 5. Able to work in drastic/critical flammable areas. 6. No ignitions of any fuel. 7. Eco-friendly, No emission of any type of pollution and pollutant. References [1] Saurabh pathak, compressed air vehicle: a review, Proceedings of 4th IRF International Conference, Chennai, 9th March-2014, ISBN: 978-93-82702-64-1 [2] Nitin Parashar, Syed Mazhar Ali, Sumit Chauhan, Ravi Saini : Design and Analysis of Compressed Air Engine. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) ISSN: 2278-0181 Vol. 3 Issue 6, June – 2014 [3] Haisheng Chen et al. “Air fuelled zero emission road transportation: A comparative study” Applied Energy 88 (2011), 24 June 2010, pp: 337–342 [4] Mistry Manish K. Study and development of compresswd air engine single cyinder: a review study, International Journal of Advanced Engineering Technology E-ISSN 0976-3945 [5] Arjit Mourya, Modified Compressed Air Engine Two stroke engine working on the design of a four stroke petrol engine, ISSN (Print): 2319-3182, Volume -3, Issue-4, 2014. [6] J P Yadav and Bharat raj singh, Study and Fabrication of Compressed Air Engine, copyright samriddhi, 2011 S-JPSET : ISSN : 2229-7111, Vol. 2, Issue 1. [7] S. S. Verma, Latest Developments of a Compressed Air Vehicle: A Status Report, Global Journal of Researches in Engineering Automotive Engineering Volume 13 Issue 1 Version 1.0 Year 2013. Author’s details 1 Research Scholar, 2,3 Assistant Professor, MIT, Bhopal, M.P., Email: [email protected], [email protected]