Pak us relations by Dhuddy.Com

Pak us relations by Dhuddy.Com

• 1.
  AN OVERVIEW OFPAK-US RELATIONS AND EFFECTS OF RUSSIAN-AFGHAN WAR ON PAKISTAN .
• 2.
  Determinants of ForeignPolicy • • Role of Personalities.Geo-Physical Location. Geo-Role of Personalities.Geo-Physical Location. Geo- Political Location.Threat Perception.NationalPolitical Location.Threat Perception.National InterestInterest
• 3.
  • When Pakistanemerged as an independent state on the map of the world on 14th August 1947, the controversies of cold war had blemished the international atmosphere. • South Asia was considered responsibility of The British for maintaining peace in the region as the American policy makers were not interested in playing any role in South Asia in the beginning. • United States was the first country to broaden diplomatic acknowledgment towards Pakistan and also the only foreign power to send an official delegate to formal ceremonies. Pakistan’s request for membership in the United Nations, Far Eastern Commission and other organizations was supported by the United States.
• 4.
  • The engrossmentsof both the nations were different as Pakistan was struggling with the early problems made harder by the Indian hostility while USA was working on the containment of Communism and USSR. • The fear of expansion of Communism and perceived threat of shift in the global balance of power in favor of the Soviet Union and the People’s Republic of China instituted the importance of Pakistan to the policy makers of America in the early 1950s.
• 5.
  • Pakistan’s tacticallocation on the boundaries of USSR and People’s Republic of China earned great importance in the domination policy of the US. Being a country in the right location and the right time, Pakistan became a valued one for U.S policy. • Liaqat Ali Khan visited US in 1950 and declared Pakistan’s alliance with the US. • President Truman pioneered the technical assistance with the Pakistan in 1950.The US economic and defense assistance to Pakistan in 1952 emerged as an insignia of the possibility of larger and fruitful cooperation between the both countries.
• 6.
  • President Eisenhowerin Feb 1954 announced the provision of military assistance to Pakistan under the Mutual Defense Assistance Programme. • 1954 Pakistan signed South East Asia Treaty Organization-SEATO.CENTO 1959 • 1st May 1960-U 2 incident. Russian Threat for Nuclear attack . • 1965 war. American embargo on supply of weapons to Pakistan. • President Nixon saw Pakistan-China entente as the possibility of using Pakistan as a bridge in his policy of rapprochement with China.
• 7.
  • Pakistan arrangedsecret visit of Dr Henry Kissinger to Beijing. • 1971 war. Americans Betrayed .Air craft career reached when the war was over. • Pakistan withdrew from the US oriented security pacts. • 1976-Pressurized France to cancel the deal of Nuclear Plant. • Symington Amendment is legislation introduced by Stuart Symington. • 1979- 2 events took place. Iranian Revolution & Russian Invasion on Afghanistan.
• 8.
  • “US TwinPillar” policy failed.(Iran & KSA as watchmen of Gulf) January 1980- USA offered 800 million $ aid. • Rejected by Islamabad and Characterized as Peanut to face the Russian Bear. • Americans provided 3.2 billion US $ as an aid during Russian presence in Afghanistan.
• 9.
  Soviet Attack onAfghanistan1979 • Warm Water theory. • The Soviet leaders considered Asian countries as ‘economic rear’ of capitalist countries, therefore, strategic objective of the soviet foreign policy was to death this rear from the west.
• 10.
  Cost For Pakistan •Soviet air attacks and terrorist activities • Between 1980 and 1988, Pakistani air and ground boundaries were constantly dishonored through widespread shelling and bombing. • There were over 200 violations of Pakistani airspace in 1985 and over 700 in 1986. • In the first 10 months of 1987 there were 574 air and 517 artillery attacks on Pakistan from the Afghan side, and 540 terrorist activities launched from Afghanistan.
• 11.
  Drugs Trade • Inthe late 80s, Pakistan was access strip in the trafficking of 70% of the world’s high grade heroine. CIA had cultured the idea to grow poppy for meeting the expense of war against Soviets Between 1982 and 1987, the number of drug addicts increased from 124,000 to 450,000 including 5000 heroin addicts.
• 12.
  • Kalashnikov Culture.The armament of Afghan mujahedeen with the American supplied AK-47 Kalashnikov rifles, this culture flourished in Pakistan. • Together with the full range from Japanese pen pistols to rapid fire guns and communication equipments, missiles and anti aircraft weapons, Soviet and China made Kalashnikov rifles and hand grenades were openly on sale in the Tribal Areas of Pakistan.
• 13.
  Sectarianism • As aresult for stopping the extension of Communism, sectarianism came up as the biggest challenge and gravest threat to Pakistan’s internal security. Afghan Refugees changed the demography of certain areas and were a cause for promoting sectarianism.
• 14.
  Afghan Refugees burdenon Pakistan • Pakistan provided shelter for approximately 3.7 million refugees who were settled in 386 camps. • Deforestation. Afghan refugees brought more than 2.5 million cattle with them which had a harmful effect on the atmosphere because of grazing on the limited pasture land and delicate land. • Employment Sector • Real Estate and Transport • Pakhtunistan Issue
• 15.
  Russian Withdrawal • Neitherthe proposed objectives in Afghanistan could have been achieved by the Russians nor could they make roots in the political system. They had three options in front of them. • ( 1) Withdrawal (2) military option (3) political option • Pakistan had formulated a maximum negotiating position including • 1)Unconditional with drawl of Soviet Forces from Afghanistan and repatriation of Afghan refugees
• 16.
  • (2)restoration ofthe Islamic character of Afghanistan • (3)maintenance of non-aligned status of Afghanistan’s foreign policy. • Geneva Accord was signed in Feb 1988 where Russians agreed for a withdrawal of troops . • The Soviet with drawl was a major event in the history of the world since 2nd World War. But it's after effects were in the form of civil war between the Kabul regime and Mujahedeen. The Geneva Accord did not guarantee any cease fire or the safe return of some six million Afghan refugees.
• 17.
  Conclusion • The historyof Pakistan relations with the United States had been marked by a changeable fortune. The US correlation had been an essential feature in Pakistan’s foreign policy for much the greater part of its history. • The US - Pakistan coalition during the Afghan crisis of the 1980s was an excellent example of a sneaky partnership between two unequal powers. Being a great power with the assumption of global responsibilities and commitments, the United States took advantage of Pakistan's desperate need for military and economic assistance.