1. The document discusses energy-based models (EBMs) and how they can be applied to classifiers. It introduces noise contrastive estimation and flow contrastive estimation as methods to train EBMs.
2. One paper presented trains energy-based models using flow contrastive estimation by passing data through a flow-based generator. This allows implicit modeling with EBMs.
3. Another paper argues that classifiers can be viewed as joint energy-based models over inputs and outputs, and should be treated as such. It introduces a method to train classifiers as EBMs using contrastive divergence.
1. The document discusses probabilistic modeling and variational inference. It introduces concepts like Bayes' rule, marginalization, and conditioning.
2. An equation for the evidence lower bound is derived, which decomposes the log likelihood of data into the Kullback-Leibler divergence between an approximate and true posterior plus an expected log likelihood term.
3. Variational autoencoders are discussed, where the approximate posterior is parameterized by a neural network and optimized to maximize the evidence lower bound. Latent variables are modeled as Gaussian distributions.
The document discusses hyperparameter optimization in machine learning models. It introduces various hyperparameters that can affect model performance, and notes that as models become more complex, the number of hyperparameters increases, making manual tuning difficult. It formulates hyperparameter optimization as a black-box optimization problem to minimize validation loss and discusses challenges like high function evaluation costs and lack of gradient information.
Math in Machine Learning / PCA and SVD with ApplicationsKenji Hiranabe
Math in Machine Learning / PCA and SVD with Applications
機会学習の数学とPCA/SVD
Colab での練習コードつきです.コードはこちら.
https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1YZgZWX5a7_MGA__HV2bybSuJsqkd4XxD?usp=sharing
1. The document discusses energy-based models (EBMs) and how they can be applied to classifiers. It introduces noise contrastive estimation and flow contrastive estimation as methods to train EBMs.
2. One paper presented trains energy-based models using flow contrastive estimation by passing data through a flow-based generator. This allows implicit modeling with EBMs.
3. Another paper argues that classifiers can be viewed as joint energy-based models over inputs and outputs, and should be treated as such. It introduces a method to train classifiers as EBMs using contrastive divergence.
1. The document discusses probabilistic modeling and variational inference. It introduces concepts like Bayes' rule, marginalization, and conditioning.
2. An equation for the evidence lower bound is derived, which decomposes the log likelihood of data into the Kullback-Leibler divergence between an approximate and true posterior plus an expected log likelihood term.
3. Variational autoencoders are discussed, where the approximate posterior is parameterized by a neural network and optimized to maximize the evidence lower bound. Latent variables are modeled as Gaussian distributions.
The document discusses hyperparameter optimization in machine learning models. It introduces various hyperparameters that can affect model performance, and notes that as models become more complex, the number of hyperparameters increases, making manual tuning difficult. It formulates hyperparameter optimization as a black-box optimization problem to minimize validation loss and discusses challenges like high function evaluation costs and lack of gradient information.
Math in Machine Learning / PCA and SVD with ApplicationsKenji Hiranabe
Math in Machine Learning / PCA and SVD with Applications
機会学習の数学とPCA/SVD
Colab での練習コードつきです.コードはこちら.
https://colab.research.google.com/drive/1YZgZWX5a7_MGA__HV2bybSuJsqkd4XxD?usp=sharing
This document discusses the career of a software developer from 2017 to present. It details their work developing enrichment analysis for non-model organisms, meta-analysis of RNA-Seq, sensor analysis for R users, and single-cell RNA-Seq data analysis which are currently in progress. It also provides information on their background in Python, R, and Julia programming languages.
The document describes different methods for applying functions to data in R including for loops, apply functions, and the tidyverse. It shows examples of using dplyr verbs like select, filter, group_by, and mutate on the iris dataset. It also demonstrates nesting and mapping models using the iris data.
This document discusses plotting data points in R with different colors and symbols. It shows code to plot numbers 1 through 8 with each point in a different color from the default R color palette, the RColorBrewer palette, and the ggplot2 palette. It also shows how to set the global option stringsAsFactors to FALSE.
This document discusses two topics: 1) It credits the Togo picture gallery by DBCLS as being licensed under a Creative Commons 2.1 license. 2) It presents a mathematical formula for minimizing the sum of squared distances between data matrices Xk and their low-rank approximations (W + Vk)Hk, where W, Hk, and Vk are parameter matrices to be estimated.
The document presents a mathematical model for dimensionality reduction. It defines vectors X1, X2, X3 to represent high-dimensional data. Matrices U and V are used to project the data into a lower-dimensional space. The model finds the optimal matrices U and V to minimize the difference between the original and projected data.
This document contains instructions for installing and using the scTGIF R package for analyzing single-cell transcriptomic data, as well as a reference to the 2018 paper "Tabula Muris" by Stephen R. Quake. It includes the licensing information for a Togo picture gallery from DBCLS.
This document describes a method for analyzing cell-cell interactions within single-cell RNA-seq data using tensor decomposition. It references several papers on tensor decomposition and single-cell analysis methods. The document also includes code to load a sample single-cell dataset, perform tensor decomposition on it, and generate reports of the results.
The document describes performing dimensionality reduction, cell-cell interaction analysis, and reporting on single-cell RNA-seq data from a study of germline cells in male samples. It loads the gene expression, dimensionality reduced data, and cell type labels into a SingleCellExperiment object. Cell-cell interaction ranks are calculated and used for decomposition. A report is generated on the cell-cell interactions within each cell type at a threshold of 80%.
This document discusses the key factors needed to induce pluripotency in differentiated cells: c-Myc, Oct3/4, Klf4, and Sox2. It also mentions DeepGOscnn, which is likely a method or tool for studying the induced pluripotent stem cell reprogramming process.
The document is a Julia script that posts random beer-related tweets. It contains an if statement that checks a condition and runs beer.sh if true. It initializes the Twitter API with credentials. In a for loop, it generates random sentences with 1 to 10 beer emojis and random spacing, and posts each to Twitter. It sleeps for 1 second between posts.
Identification of associations between genotypes and longitudinal phenotypes ...弘毅 露崎
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like depression and anxiety.
A novel method for discovering local spatial clusters of genomic regions with...弘毅 露崎
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document contains R code for exploring various R functions and packages. It downloads an R script from GitHub, loads packages from CRAN and Bioconductor, explores basic functions like plotting, looping, and object manipulation, and creates an R package skeleton. The code covers many fundamental and advanced R topics.
8. 考える上でのポイント
n
p
X
n
p
X
XT
p
n
=
=
XT
n
p
2種類の行列が登場
(形だけに注目)
n
n
p
p
S
G
グラム行列と同じ形
p>>nの場合、サイズが小さい
→
計算が速い(Dual
PCA)
カーネル法と関連する
→
非線形性を扱える(Kernel
PCA)
こっちの方が嬉しい事が多い
共分散行列と同じ形
(通常のPCAと関係)
15. Kernel PCA(2/3)
高次元空間でのPCAは以下の通り
(X→φ、共分散行列がでかすぎて解けない可能性も)
1
n −1
ΦΦT
ui = λiui
φφTの固有値分解
(普通のPCA)
ΦTΦにおける
固有値分解
1
n −1
ΦT
Φvi = λivi
S =p' p'
p'
G =n n
n
φの設定の仕方で、この共分散行列は幾らでも大きくなるが(無限大にすら)
Dual
PCAにすれば、高々n×n行列の固有値分解として解ける
めちゃくちゃでかく
なりえる
vi =
1
(n −1)λi
ΦT
ui ui = (n −1)λi Φvi
n次元ベクトル(データ次元)
p’次元ベクトル(超高次元)
yi = ΦT
ui = (n −1)λi ΦT
Φvi
第i主成分得点の求め方もn次元で解決できる
データ数
Gn
n
n
Dual