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PCL 313 DISEASE STATE IN CLINICAL MEDICINE
- 1. PCL 313: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM GENITOURINARYSYSTEM REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM PETER A. OWONARO AUGUST 2023
- 2. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM •Respiratory system,the system in living organisms that takes up oxygen and discharges carbon dioxide in order to satisfy energy requirements. In the living organism, energy is liberated, along with carbon dioxide, through the oxidation of molecules containing carbon. •The major organs of the respiratory system include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and diaphragm.
- 3. •Parts of theRespiratory System •Nose and nasal cavity; Sinuses; Mouth; Throat (pharynx); Voice box (larynx) •Windpipe (trachea); Diaphragm; Lungs; Bronchial tubes/bronchi; Bronchioles •Air sacs (alveoli); Capillaries
- 4. •Causes and RiskFactors for Respiratory Tract Diseases •Each different condition has its own causative factor, and the same disorder may result from a number of factors too. •The common causes may include viral/bacterial infections, smoking tobacco, allergic reaction to something, inhaling substances harmful for the lungs (coal, asbestos) over long periods, congenital malformation of one or more parts of the respiratory tract, abnormal autoimmune response, genetic/hereditary factors, and air pollution.
- 5. •Among these, theviral and bacterial infections account for most of the common diseases, including influenza, pneumonia, and tonsillitis. •Respiratory infections are usually common among elderly people and those with a weak immune system •Pulmonary diseases are a common complication in pregnancy as well, with studies showing it to be a significant factor responsible for maternal death after childbirth.
- 6. •Common Signs andSymptoms of Diseases Affecting the Respiratory System •Following are the common symptoms present in most respiratory diseases Shortness of breath; Chest pain and tightness; Wheezing; Chronic cough; Coughing up mucus
- 7. •Preventive Measures forRespiratory Conditions •Quitting smoking as both active and passive smoking are a major risk factor for a number of breathing and respiratory tract disorders, including asthma, COPD, and lung cancer •Washing hands with antibacterial soap, especially before eating or touching food. •Not touching your face or nose with unclean hands as this is one of the primary ways for communicable diseases to spread.
- 8. •Avoiding going nearsomeone with influenza or any similar bacterial or viral condition as these germs are often airborne, meaning one can get infected by inhaling contaminated air. •Getting flu vaccines, especially during flu seasons. Few other conditions like diphtheria may also be prevented with vaccines. •Following a nutritious diet and drinking plenty of water as they help to strengthen your immunity and flush out toxins
- 9. •Smoking Can Leadto Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) •COPD is a chronic respiratory disorder caused by long- term exposure to substances that irritate and damage the lungs. •These substances include cigarette smoke and other inhaled pollutants. •The two main types of COPD are chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
- 10. •RESP DISEASES/DISORDERS •There arehundreds of different diseases and conditions •Many of these are chronic in nature. •FACTORS AFFECTING RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISORDERS •Genetics; Allergies; Smoking; Air Pollution; Bacterial and viral infections. •TYPES OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISORDERS • There are three main types : • Airway Disease • Lung Tissue Disease • Lung Circulation Disease
- 11. •Respiratory Diseases •Following arethe major respiratory disorders or diseases: •ASTHMA •Asthma is a chronic disease which affects the bronchi and bronchioles of the lungs. •It causes difficulty in breathing and followed by severe cough, restlessness, cough and a wheezing sound while breathing. •Asthma might be due to the following factors: •Cold air; Airborne allergens; Respiratory infections; Physical activity; Air pollutants
- 12. •CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARYDISEASE (COPD) •This includes all the respiratory diseases that cause breathlessness or the inability to exhale. •It largely affects people who have been exposed to some sort of smoke. It is a very serious disease and worsens even if you stop smoking.
- 13. •EMPHYSEMA •Emphysema is definedas the chronic disease, reduction of the respiratory surface due to the damage to the lung alveolar walls. •It is caused mainly by cigarette smoking. •The main symptoms of emphysema include shortness of breath and cough. Emphysema might lead to a loss of elasticity of the lungs. •Emphysema may be caused by the following factors: •Dust; Chemicals; Air pollution; Smoking tobacco •Exposure to passive cigarette smoking
- 14. • OCCUPATIONAL RESPIRATORYDISORDERS • Occupational respiratory disorders are defined as any disorder which affects the respiratory system by long-term inhalation of chemicals, proteins, and dust. For instance, Asbestosis that is caused by the inhalation of asbestos dust. • Occupational respiratory disorders might happen due to the inhalation of the following substances: • Fumes from metals; Smoke from burning organic materials. • Sprays of varnish, paint, acids, and pesticides. • Dust from cotton, silica, coal, drug powders and pesticides. • Gases from industries. For instance, Ammonia, chlorine and nitrogen oxides.
- 15. •SINUSITIS •It is theinflammation of the mucous membranes in the nasal sinus. •The mucous membranes produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavities. •The bacterial or viral infections or some airborne allergens cause the inflammation of the mucous membranes. •LUNG CANCER •Lung cancer can develop in any part of the lungs. It occurs in the main part of the lungs.
- 16. • UPPER RESPIRATORYDISEASES • Common Short-Term Curable Conditions • Common cold or upper respiratory infection (URI) • Influenza or flu (contagious viral disease) • Diphtheria • Chronic Diseases • Sinusitis; Epiglottitis; Stridor (e.g. Congenital Laryngeal Stridor or Laryngomalacia); Whooping Cough; Pharyngitis; Tonsillitis • Acute Disorder • Acute upper respiratory infections
- 17. •LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACTDISEASES •Short-Term Conditions and Complications Pneumonia (chronic and acute forms also present) Pleural effusion Collapsed lung (pneumothorax)
- 18. Chronic Disorders Chronic ObstructivePulmonary Diseases or COPD (chronic bronchitis, emphysema, bronchiolitis, non-reversible asthma, and specific types of bronchiectasis Interstitial lung disease ; Cystic fibrosis; Lung cancer; Tuberculosis (TB); Chronic pulmonary edema; Neuromuscular lung disorders ; Pneumoconiosis; Mesothelioma; Pulmonary MAC infection/ MAC lung disease; Pediatric reactive airway disease
- 19. •ACUTE DISEASES •Acute bronchitis •Acutepneumonia •Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) •Pulmonary embolism •Pulmonary hypertension (including pulmonary arterial hypertension and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension) •Acute pulmonary edema •Middle East respiratory syndrome
- 20. GENITOURINARY SYSTEM •The genitourinarysystem, or urogenital system, are the organs of the reproductive system and the urinary system. These are grouped together because of their proximity to each other, their common embryological origin and the use of common pathways, like the male urethra. Also, because of their proximity, the systems are sometimes imaged together •Causes for these disorders include congenital anomalies, infectious diseases, trauma, or conditions that secondarily involve the urinary structure. To gain access to the body, pathogens can penetrate mucous membranes lining the genitourinary tract.
- 21. •Disorders within thegenitourinary system can be acute, chronic, or an adverse effect caused by a medication or other health problem. •REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM •The reproductive system is made up of a group of sexual organs that mark the physical difference between males and females. Human reproduction begins when sperm from the male fertilizes an egg from the female.
- 22. •Reproductive system disease,any of the diseases and disorders that affect the human reproductive system. •They include abnormal hormone production by the ovaries or the testes or by other endocrine glands, such as the pituitary, thyroid, or adrenals. •Such diseases can also be caused by genetic or congenital abnormalities, infections, tumours, or disorders of unknown cause
- 23. •CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES •IN THEMALE •Congenital anomalies of the prostate gland and seminal vesicles are rare; •they consist of absence, hypoplasia (underdevelopment), or the presence of fluid- or semisolid-filled sacs, called cysts. •Various defects are associated with incomplete closure of the urethra. •Undescended testicles (cryptorchidism): This is the most common birth defect of the genitourinary tract in male babies.
- 24. •In the caseof congenital anomalies, risk factors include: •genetic factors; •maternal conditions (e.g. diabetes and obesity); •maternal age; and. •behaviours and environmental exposures that may put a woman at risk for having a pregnancy affected by a congenital anomaly.
- 25. • Male reproductiveorgans conditions • Testicular Cancer. Testicular cancer is one of the most beatable cancers when detected early. ... • Cancer of the Penis (Penile Cancer) ... • Phimosis (Foreskin Problems) redness. soreness. swelling. difficulty urinating (peeing), if the opening blocks the flow of urine (pee) - this may cause the foreskin to balloon during urination. • Testicular Torsion. Testicular torsion occurs when the testicle rotates on the spermatic cord, which brings blood to the testicle from the abdomen. • Male Infertility. • Erectile Dysfunction. • Vasectomy. stopping sperm from getting into a man's semen, the fluid that he ejaculates. • Priapism. a disorder in which the penis maintains a prolonged, rigid erection in the absence of appropriate stimulation
- 26. •FEMALE •Types of CongenitalAnomalies •Congenital Malformations of the Vulva. Labial Hypoplasia. ... •Congenital Anomalies of the Hymen. Imperforate Hymen. ... •Congenital Anomalies of the Vagina. Transverse Vaginal Septum. ... •Congenital Anomalies of the Cervix. Cervical Agenesis. ... •Congenital Anomalies of the Uterus. Uterine Duplication
- 27. •Congenital abnormalities ofthe female reproductive tract are developmental issues that form in the embryo. •It can be in the vagina, cervix, uterus and fallopian tubes that occur while the child is growing in the womb. •A few percentage of the female population has congenital abnormalities of the reproductive tract. •These abnormalities can arise out of abnormal or missing genes, but those who don’t have genetic abnormalities can also have this condition.
- 28. •Unlike a developmentaldisorder, a congenital abnormality of reproductive tract is not likely to be obvious as soon as the child is born. •It may go unnoticed even during puberty or after menstruation has begun, getting diagnosed only when they are pregnant or trying to conceive. •Abnormalities of the reproductive tract may be accompanied by congenital disorders of the urinary tract, kidneys and spine.
- 29. •Causes of femalereproductive tract congenital abnormalities •Genetic defects. •Heredity. •Drugs used during pregnancy. •Radiation. •Chemical factors. •Hormonal imbalance. •.
- 30. URINARY SYSTEM •The urinarysystem includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. This system filters your blood, removing waste and excess water. This waste becomes urine. •The most common urinary issues are bladder infections and urinary tract infections (UTIs) •The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH
- 31. •Urologic diseases orconditions include urinary tract infections, kidney stones, bladder control problems, and prostate problems, among others. •Some urologic conditions last only a short time, while others are long-lasting. •Examples of urinary disorders include cancers of the urinary tract, incontinence (inability to control urine flow), interstitial cystitis, kidney stones, kidney failure, and urinary tract infections.
- 32. •CAUSES OF URINARYDISEASE •Urinary tract infections are caused by microorganisms — usually bacteria — that enter the urethra and bladder, causing inflammation and infection. •Though a UTI most commonly happens in the urethra and bladder, bacteria can also travel up the ureters and infect the kidneys. •DISEASE THAT CAUSE URINATION •Diabetes, overactive bladder syndrome, UTIs or prostate problems.
- 33. DISEASES OF THEURINARY SYSTEM • Urinary tract infections (UTIs) occur when bacteria enter the urinary tract; they can affect the urethra, bladder or even the kidneys. While UTIs are more common in women, they can occur in men. UTIs are typically treated with antibiotics, • Incontinence is another common disease of the urinary system • The most common bladder problems in men are frequent urination at nights and incomplete bladder emptying. • This is usually due to an enlarged prostate causing obstruction of bladder emptying."
- 34. • Interstitial cystitis(IC), also called painful bladder syndrome, is a chronic bladder condition, primarily in women, that causes bladder pressure and pain and, sometimes, pelvic pain to varying degrees, • Prostatitis is a swelling of the prostate gland and, therefore, can only occur in men. Often caused by advanced age, symptoms include urinary urgency and frequency, pelvic pain and pain during urination • Kidney stones are clumps of calcium oxalate that can be found anywhere in the urinary tract. Kidney stones form when chemicals in the urine become concentrated enough to form a solid mass, according to the Cleveland Clinic. They can cause pain in the back and sides, as well as blood in the urine.
- 35. •Kidney failure, alsocalled renal failure and chronic kidney disease, can be a temporary (often acute) condition or can become a chronic condition resulting in the inability of the kidneys to filter waste from the blood. •Other conditions, such as diabetes and hypertension, can cause chronic kidney disease. •Acute cases may be caused by trauma or other damage, and may improve over time with treatment. •However, renal disease may lead to chronic kidney failure, which may require dialysis treatments or even a kidney transplant.
- 36. •Bladder cancer ismore frequent in men and the elderly •The symptoms, including back or pelvic pain, difficulty urinating and urgent/and or frequent urination, mimic other diseases or disorders of the urinary system