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People as resource
- 1. People as Resource CLASSIX – SOCIAL SCIENCE ECONOMICS: CHAPTER -2 (BY: MRS. USHA JOY)
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- 3. Human Capital • Toexplain population as an asset for the economy rather than a liability. • Population becomes human capital when there is investment made in the form of education, training and medical care. • The positive side - Like other resources population also is a resource — a 'human resource'. • The negative side - considering only the problems of providing the population with food, education and access to health facilities. • The existing 'human resource' is further developed by becoming more educated and healthy, we call it ‘human capital formation
- 4. Investment in humancapital * Through education, training, medical care we get a return just like investment in physical capital. * In the form of higher incomes earned because of higher productivity * Green Revolution is an example that improved production technologies can rapidly increase the productivity. * India’s IT revolution is an instance of the importance of human capital has come to acquire a higher position than that of material, plant and machinery.
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- 6. Human Capital • Notonly higher incomes we get from human capital but society also gains in other indirect ways. • Human capital is in one way superior to other resources like land and physical capital: human resource can make use of land and capital. Land and capital cannot become useful on its own! • Large population has been considered a liability rather than an asset. • It can be turned into a productive asset by investment in human capital ( industrial and agricultural workers make use of modern technology, useful scientific researches and so on).
- 7. Stories of Sakaland Vilas • Sakal went to school and Vilas did not go. • Sakal was physically strong and healthy. Vilas was a patient of arthritis. Sakal acquired a degree in computer programming. Vilas continued with the same work as his mother. • In the case of Sakal, several years of education added to the quality of labour. This enhanced his total productivity. • Total productivity adds to the growth of the economy. This in turn pays an individual through salary or in some other form of his choice.
- 8. Virtuous cycle andVicious cycle • Educated parents are found to invest more heavily on the education of their child. • This is because they have realised the importance of education for themselves. They are also conscious of proper nutrition and hygiene. They accordingly look after their children’s needs for education at school and good health. A virtuous cycle is, thus, created in this case. • In contrast, a vicious cycle may be created by disadvantaged parents, who themselves uneducated and lacking in hygiene and keep their children in a similarly disadvantaged state
- 9. Virtuous cycle andVicious cycle
- 10. Japan • Japan, haveinvested in human resource. • They did not have any natural resource. • They import the natural resource needed in their country. • They have invested on people, especially in the field of education and health. • Efficiency and the technology evolved by people have made these countries rich/developed
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- 12. Economic Activities byMen and Women Economic Activities are classified into three sectors • Primary Sector : agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishing, poultry farming, mining and quarrying. • Secondary Sector : Manufacturing • Tertiary Sector : Trade, transport, communication, banking, education, health, tourism, services, insurance, etc.
- 13. Primary, Secondary andTertiary Sectors
- 14. Market and Non-MarketActivities • Economic activities :The activities result in the production of goods and services and add value to the national income. • Economic activities have two parts — market activities and non- market activities. • Market activities : Involve remuneration to anyone who performs i.e., activity performed for pay or profit • Non-market activities: production for self-consumption or for love and affection
- 15. Role of Women •Due to historical and cultural reasons there is a division of labour between men and women in the family. • Women are not paid for their service delivered in the family. • Education and skill are the major determinants of the earning. A majority of women have meagre education and low skill formation. • Women are paid low compared to men. Most women work where job security is not there. • there is an absence of basic facilities like maternity leave, childcare and other social security systems.
- 16. Quality of Population •The quality of population depends upon the literacy rate, health of a person indicated by life expectancy and skill formation acquired by the people of the country. • The quality of the poulation ultimately decides the growth rate of the country. • Literate and healthy population are an asset.
- 17. Education • Education contributestowards the growth of society • It enhances the national income, cultural richness and increases the efficiency of governance. • There is a provision made for providing universal access, retention and quality in elementary education with a special emphasis on girls. • Set up Navodaya Vidyalaya in each district. • Vocational streams have been developed. • The plan outlay on education has increased from Rs 151 crore in the first plan to Rs 3766.90 crore in the eleventh plan.
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- 19. Education • The literacyrates have increased from 18% in 1951 to 74% in 2010- 11 • Literacy among males is nearly 16.6% - females -16.1%. • In 2011, literacy rates varied from 94% in Kerala to 62% in Bihar. • The primary school system has expanded to over 8.58 lakh in 2013– 14. • Sarva Siksha Abhiyan - providing elementary education to all children in the age group of 6–14 • Bridge courses and back to-school camps, Mid-day meal scheme
- 20. Higher Education • The12th plan - to raise the country's Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in higher education in the age group of 18 to 23 years to 25.2% by 2017–18 and to reach the target of 30% by 2020–21, • The plan also focuses on distance education, convergence of formal, non-formal, distance and IT education institutions. • Over the past 50 years, there has been a significant growth in the number of university and institutions of higher learning in specialised areas.
- 21. Health • The healthof a person helps him to realise his/her potential and the ability to fight illness. • Health is an indispensable basis for realising one’s well-being. Henceforth, improvement in the health status of the population has been the priority of the country • Over the last five decades, India has built a vast health infrastructure and has also developed the manpower required at primary, secondary and tertiary sector in government, as well as, in the private sector
- 22. Health • Life expectancy:(number of years a person is expected to live) to over 68.3 years in 2014. • Infant mortality rate (IMR): (the death of a child below one year of age) has come down from 147 in 1951 to 34 in 2016. • Birth rates: (the number of babies born for every 1,000 people during a particular period of time) have dropped to 20.4 • Death rates:(number of people per 1,000 who die during a particular period of time) 6.4
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- 24. Health Facilities • Thereare only 381 medical colleges in the country and 301 dental colleges. • Just four states, like Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Maharastra and Tamil Nadu have the maximum number of colleges.
- 25. Unemployment • Unemployment :when people are willing to work at the going wages cannot find jobs. • The workforce population: includes people from 15 years to 59 years. (Sakal’s brother and sister do not fall within this age group so they cannot be called unemployed. Sakal’s mother Sheela works for the family. She is not willing to work outside her domestic domain for payment. She too cannot be called unemployed).
- 26. Types of Unemployment •Rural areas: Seasonal and Disguised Unemployment • Urban areas: Educated unemployment • Seasonal unemployment: when people are not able to find jobs during some months of the year • There are certain busy seasons when sowing, harvesting, weeding and threshing is done.
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- 28. Disguised Unemployment • Disguisedunemployment: people appear to be employed but their productivity is zero • This usually happens among family members engaged in agricultural activity. The work requires the service of five people but engages eight people. Three people are extra. These three people also work in the same plot as the others. If three people are removed the productivity of the field will not decline. The field requires the service of five people and the three extra people are disguised unemployed.
- 29. Educated unemployment • Manyyouth with matriculation, graduation and post graduation degrees are not able to find job. • A paradoxical manpower situation - as surplus of manpower in certain categories coexist with shortage of manpower in others. • There is unemployment among technically qualified person on one hand, while there is a dearth of technical skills required for economic growth.
- 30. Demerits of Unemployment •Wastage of manpower resource. People who are an asset for the economy turn into a liability. • A feeling of hopelessness and despair among the youth. People do not have enough money to support their family. • Increase economic overload. The dependence of the unemployed on the working population increases. • The quality of life of an individual as well as the society - adversely affected (health,education) • Increase in unemployment is an indicator of a depressed economy. It also wastes the resource, which could have been gainfully employed.
- 31. Employment Sector • Theemployment structure - self-employment in the primary sector. • There is disguised unemployment in the agriculture sector. • Surplus labour from every household tends to migrate • Agriculture, is the most labour absorbing sector of the economy • Some of the surplus labour in agriculture has moved to either the secondary or the tertiary sector.
- 32. Employment Sector • Inthe secondary sector, small scale manufacturing is the most labour absorbing. • In case of the tertiary sector, various new services are now appearing like biotechnology, information technology and so on.