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PERCEPTUAL PROCESS
This document summarizes key concepts related to perception, including: - Perception involves receiving sensory stimuli through sight, hearing, smell, taste, and touch, and interpreting and giving meaning to that information. - It is influenced by both top-down processes like expectations and prior experience, and bottom-up processes like analysis of sensory information. - Perception is shaped by individual factors like needs and culture, as well as Gestalt principles of proximity, similarity, continuity, and closure that guide how humans group visual elements.
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PERCEPTUAL PROCESS
- 1. Sensory, attentional andperceptual process. CHAPTER-5 BY: NITIKA VERMA CLASS: 11TH –C ROLL NO: 45
- 2. The process bywhich we recognise, interpret, or give meaning to the information provided by sense organs is called PERCEPTION. OR Perception is the organisation, interpretation, and identification of sensory information in order to represent and understand the enviornment.
- 3. 1. The processof receiving stimuli : It is by, •Seeing •Hearing •Smelling •Tasting •Touching
- 4. Top-Down Processing: Informationprocessing guided by higher-level mental processes. As when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations. Bottom-Up Processing: Analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information
- 5. Conclusion: Perception isa complex process by which an individual selectively absorbs or assimilates the stimuli in the environment, cognitively organizes it in a specific fashion and then interprets the information to give a meaning to the environment
- 6. Human beings arenot just mechanical and passive recipients of stimuli from the external world. They are CREATIVE BEINGS, and try to understand the external world in their own ways.
- 7. -The needs anddesires of a perceiver strongly influence his/her perception. One can fulfil the needs and desire through various ways. -One way is to perceive objects as a picture as something which will satisfy the needs.
- 8. This phenomenon ofperceptual familiarisation or perceptual generalisation reflects a strong tendency to see what we expect to see even when the results do not accurately reflect external reality. EXAMPLE: If your milkman delivers your milk daily at 5:30AM , any knocking at the door at that time is likely to be perceived as the presence of the milkman even if it is someone else.
- 9. It refers toa consistent way of dealing with our enviornment. It significantly affects the way we perceive the enviornment. -Most extensivly used in studies is : 1. FIELD INDEPENDENT 2. FIELD DEPENDENT
- 10. Different experiences andlearning opportunities available to people in different cultural settings also influence their perception. -People coming from pictureless enviornment fail to recognise objects in pictures.
- 11. • • • Gestalt theory focuses onthe mind’s perceptive processes The word "Gestalt" has no direct translation in English, but refers to "a way a thing has been gestellt ; i.e., ‘placed,’ or ‘put together’"; common translations include "form" and "shape"
- 12. • • Gestalt theorists followed thebasic principle that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. In viewing the "whole," a cognitive process takes place – the mind makes a leap from comprehending the parts to realizing the whole.
- 14. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. The principle ofproximity The principle of similarity The principle of continuity The principle of smallness The principle of symmetry The principle of surroundedness The principle of closure
- 15. • The Gestaltlaw of proximity states that "objects or shapes that are close to one another appear to form groups“ • Even if the shapes, sizes, and objects are radically different, they will appear as a group if they are close together.
- 16. • • • Similarity occurs whenobjects look similar to one another. People often perceive them as a group or pattern. Our mind groups similar elements to an entity. The similarity depends on form, color, size and brightness of the elements.
- 17. • • Continuation occurs whenthe eye is compelled to move through one object and continue to another object. "tend to continue shapes beyond their ending points"
- 18. According to thisprinciple, smaller areas tend to be seen as figures against a larger background
- 19. The principle suggestthat symmetrical areas tend to be seen as figures against asymmetrical backgrounds
- 20. According to thisprinciple, the areas surrounded by others tend to be perceived as figures.
- 21. • • • Gestalt theory seekscompleteness; when shapes aren’t closed, we tend to add the missing elements to complete the image Although the panda is not complete, enough is present for the eye to complete the shape. When the viewer's perception completes a shape, closure occurs.