Personalized medicine

PERSONALIZED
MEDICINE
Mehak Aggarwal
M.Pharm (Pharmaceutics)

Introduction
◦ Personalized medicine is also termed as individualized medicine.
◦ It is the ability to offer the Right Drug to the Right Patient for Right
Disease at Right Time with the Right Dose.
◦ It enables pharmaceutical company to develop more effective
medicine with less side effects.

◦ For personalized medicine the physician access the genetic profile
of the patient which allow them to use existing medicine more
effectively and safely, with this individual will be able to better
manage their health based on understanding their genetic profile.

Benefits of personalized medicine are:
Better drug delivery to patient instead of trial and error.
Customized pharmaceutical may eliminate the life threatening
adverse reactions.
Reduced cost of clinical trials by quickly identifying their failures
Improved efficiency of drug

◦ Following Study involved in development of personalized medicine.
The Human Genome
Chromosome
The Genetic Code
Gene Expression
DNA Sequence and Structure

◦ The process of personalization starts at the Developmental stage of
medicine and based on pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetic.
Pharmacogenomics is the study of variation on DNA and RNA
characteristics related to drug response.
Pharmacogenetics is the study of linkage between individual
genotype and individual ability to metabolize a foreign compound.

◦ The Pharmacological effect of a drug depends on
Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.
◦ Factors like Age, Sex, Disease, Drug Interaction, pollutants, alcohol
affects drug absorption.
◦ Genetic factors such as polymorphism of drug metabolizing enzyme
, drug receptors also affect.

◦ Role Of Pharmacogenetics in Pharmaceutical Industry
Study of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacological effect.
Predicting Genetically Determined Adverse Reaction.
Drug Discovery and Development and as an aid to planning Clinical
trials.

◦ Customized Drug Delivery System
3D Printing.
Telepharmacy
Bioelectronics Devices

◦ 3D printing :- the process of making three Dimensional solid object
from a Digital file by layer to layer fabrication.
Advantages of 3D Printing:-
High production rate due to fast Operating system.
Reduction of material wastage which can save the cost of
production.
Ability to achieve accuracy especially for potent drug.

◦ 3D printing most popular in Solid dosage form because of pain
avoidance and accurate dosing.
◦ Types Of 3D Printing Technology are:
Inkjet printing
Fused Deposition modeling
Direct Write
Thermal Ink Jet printing

◦ Inkjet printing:- different combination of active ingredients and
excipients are precisely sprayed in small droplets which then
solidifies into solid dosage form.
◦ Direct Write:- It is a computer aided program that moves in a
pattern to achieve layer by layer 3D micro transformation.
◦ Fused Deposition Modelling:- multiple dosage form is produced by
applying polymer as apart of framework in this process polymer is
melted and pass through a movable heated nozzle.

◦ TELEPHARMACY
Telepharmacy is the delivery of pharmaceutical care via
telecommunication to the patient in location where they may not
have direct contact with a pharmacist.
Telepharmacy service includes:
Drug monitoring therapy.
Patient counseling.
Authorize for prescription drug.
It is also used for videoconferencing in pharmacy for providing
education and training to pharmacy staff.

◦ TYPES OF TELEPHARMACY:-
Inpatient
Remote dispensing
Remote counseling
◦ Inpatient :- Pharmacist refers to a remote area where they receive
medication order before hospital staff administer the drug to
patient, real time medication review and verification is done by
pharmacist.

◦ Remote Dispensing:- Pharmacist supervise technician, review
prescription and perform their duty from a remote location via
technology.
◦ Remote Counseling:- Pharmacist provide counseling to the patient
via live and interactive video session.

◦ BIOELECTRONIC MEDICINE
Bioelectronic is the application of electronic devices to living
organisms for clinical testing diagnosis and therapy.

REFERENCES
◦ Textbook of personalized medicine second edition:- Kewal K Jain MD,FRACS,FFPM.
◦ Pharmacogenetics:-By Allen D Rose’s (2001) Oxford university press.
◦ Ursan ID, Chiu L, Pierce A (2013) Three- dimensional drug printing: a structured review. J Am Pharm Assoc 53: 136-144.
◦ Novelli, G. Personalized genomic medicine. Int Emerg Med. 2010;5(Suppl 1):S81-90. doi: 10.1007/s11739-010-0455-9.
◦ Genetic Science Learning Centre (2011, January 5) Challenges and Issues in Personalized Medicine and
Pharmacogenetics. Learn. Genetics. Retrieved January 7, 2011.
◦ Standford University of Medicine. "Privacy issues in personalized medicine. [Pharmacogenomics. 2003] - PubMed
result." National Centre for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
◦ Rugnetta M, Kramer W. science progress [homepage on the Internet] Sept. 14. [cited 2010 Dec. 27].
◦ Personalized Medicine [homepage on the Internet]. Copyright; n.d. [cited 2010 Dec. 27].

◦ F. Randy Vogenberg., Carol Isaacson Barash., Michael Pursel., Personalized Medicine Part 1: Evolution and
Development into Theranostics., Vol. 35 No. 10.,(2010).
◦ Paving way for personalized medicine., FDA’s role in new era of medical product development,2013 .,pg 1-15,29.
◦ Moinak Banerjee., Is pharmacogenomics a reality? Challenges and opportunities for India., Indian J Hum Genet. 2011
May; 17(Suppl 1): S1–S3. doi: 10.4103/0971- 6866.80350.
◦ http://genomag.com/what is personalized medicine/#wxi4vyh971u

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