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Phanerozoic Stratigraphy of India
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- 4. Columbia/Nuna 1590 Ma, view centeredon the North Pole, after Dalziel 1997
- 5. Proposed reconstruction of Rodiniafor 750 Ma, with orogenic belts of 1.1 Ga age highlighted in green. Red dots indicate 1.3–1.5 Ga A-type Granite
- 6. Pannotia545 Ma, view centeredon the South Pole, after Dalziel 1997
- 7. Amasia 280 Ma,view centered on the South Pole, after Dalziel 1997
- 16. How does thenext super continent form ?
- 17. Cratons of India 1.Singhbhum Craton (3.56 Ga) 2. Bundelkhand Craton (3.3 Ga) 3. Dharwar Craton (3.2 Ga) 4. Bastar Craton (3.01 Ga)
- 18. Phanerozoic Basins 1. BengalBasin 2. Damodar Valley Basin 3. Mahanadi Basin 4. Krishna-Godavari Basin (Pranhita-Godavari rift) 5. Cauvery Basin (Cauvery shear zone) 6. Kerala Basin 7. Konkan Basin 8. Saurastra Basin 9. Kutch Basin 10. Cambay Basin 11. Barmer Basin 12. Jaisalmer Basin 13. Bikaner-Nagaur Basin 14. Narmada Basin 15. Ganga-Bramhaputra peripheral foreland Basin 16. Tethyan Basin 17. Assam Arakaan Basin 18. Tripura-Mizoram Basin 19. Andaman and Nicobar Basins
- 19. Phanerozoic Rift Basins 1. Bengalbasin 2. Mahanadi Rift 3. Pranhita-Godavari rift) 4. Cauvery shear zone 5. Kerala Basin 6. Konkan Basin 7. Saurastra Basin 8. Kutch Rift 9. Barmer Basin 10. Jaisalmer rift 11. Bikaner-Nagaur Basin 12. Narmada Rift Precambrian Trend 1. Dharwar trend 2. Aravalli Trend 3. Delhi Trend 4. Satpura Trend
- 21. Schematic diagram ofnorth-south cross-section across the Himalaya orogen illustrating occurrence of Tethyan basins (north of Higher Himalaya crystalline) and foreland basins viz. Subathu-Dagshai/Kasauli (late Palaeocene - Oligocene) and Siwalik (middle Miocene to early Pleistocene) at the leading edge of orogen (modified after Murphy and Yin 2003) P.P. Chakraborty, et al. (2019) Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 184
- 22. Peripheral Indo-Gangetic forelanddrained by mighty Rivers Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra leading to formation of submarine fans viz. Indus fan and Bengal fan. P.P. Chakraborty, et al. 2019. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 184.
- 23. Long lived Hotspot •Reunion Hotspot (Deccan Volcanics) • Kerguelen Hotspot (Rajmahal Volcanics)
- 24. Rift Vs Graben •Rift valley formed by depression of a block of earth crust between two fault. • Rift valley are long, narrow and deep valley. • Rift valley are found on crustal surface and on seafloor. • Possibility: • (1) Middle portion drop down and either side remain stable. • Dead sea Narmada Valley and Tapti Valley are rift valley. • Death valley of California is example of Graben
- 25. Through this complexevolution, the craton witnessed development of a wide range of sedimentary basins of diverse tectonic character viz. rift, passive margin, foreland, accretionary etc at different times through the Phanerozoic Eon. The development of sedimentary basins as a consequence of the tectonic evolution of the Indian plate. To basins are categorized here as (i) riftogenic (Intra- and Peri-cratonic), (ii) Rift-passive margin, (iii) foreland and foredeep, (iv) subduction- related/accretionary and (v) collisional in origin.
- 26. Intra-cratonic rift basins Riftogenicbasins within the Indian landmass, preserving sedimentary strata from late Paleozoic to Tertiary, include (i) Gondwana Basins; intraplate rift basin/s correlatives of which can be traced in all the constituent continental blocks of the east Gondwana assembly, (ii) Kutch-Saurashtra basins; peri-cratonic rifts which led to the fragmentation of the Indian landmass from its erstwhile neighbors, and (iii) Cambay basin.
- 27. East coast Continental riftsleading to sea floor spreading between India, Australia and Antarctica in early Cretaceous (~130 Ma) opened the east coast of Indian subcontinent. Intrinsic crustal distinction between ancient tectonic blocks viz. Shillong plateau, Chotonagpur plateau, Eastern Ghats, Southern granulite terrain (SGT) and operation of major river systems subdivided the ~2000 km long east coast into five major sedimentary basins viz. i) Krishna-Godavari (K-G) Basin, ii) Mahanadi Basin, iii) Cauvery Basin, iv) Palar Basin and v) Bengal Basin
- 28. Foreland basins Peripheral forelandbasins, created during progressive plate convergence in a collisional tectonic setting, depicts three main depositional stages i.e., a lower under-filled (early deep marine sediments) phase followed successively by filled (shallow marine) and over-filled (sub aerial alluvial sediments) stages (Sinclair, 1997). Classically the passage from marine to continental in peripheral foreland basins has been explained by progressive thrust propagation towards the foreland . i) Bengal basin ii) Assam-Arakan basin
- 29. Accretionary arc andforearc basin To the south-east of the Indian subcontinent, the Andaman Islands, representing central part of Burma–Java subduction complex, expose tectonostratigraphic units of an accretionary prism in an outer-arc setting and turbidites of a forearc setting. A number of N–S-trending dismembered ophiolite slices of Cretaceous age, occurring at different structural levels with Eocene trench-slope sediments, were uplifted and emplaced by a series of E- dipping thrusts because of subduction of the oceanic plate.
- 30. Tethyan basins The TethyanHimalaya, lying to the north of the Higher Himalayan crystalline, comprises nearly continuous fossiliferous sedimentary sequence from Cambrian to Eocene (Hayden, 1904, Baud et al., 1984), deposited along the southern margin of the Neotethys i.e. an ocean that separated Indian continent from Asia in pre-Tertiary times. Constituted of shale, carbonates and quartzites, this sediment succession offers an opportunity to study sedimentation history on an intermittently subsiding.
- 31. References: • Valdiya, K.S.,2010. The Making of India Geodynamic Evolution • Walliser, Otto H., 1995. Global Events and Event Stratigraphy in the Phanerozoic.