phd Thesis and Paper writing.pdf
- 1. By Prof. (Dr.) Pravat Kumar Rout 1 Research Methodology Thesis Report Writing Class-5
- 2. Need for Effective Documentation: Importance of Report Writing The research report fulfils the historical task of serving as a concrete proof of the study that was undertaken. It is the complete detailed report of the researcher study undertaken by the researcher, thus it needs to be presented in a comprehensive and objective manner. For the academic purpose, the recorded document presents a knowledge of the topic under study. It serves to authenticate the quality of the work carried out. 2
- 3. Types of Research Reports Briefs Report: (1) Not formally structured; (2) Generally short; (3) Not running more than four to five pages; (4) Information provided has the limited scope; (5) These report is of two types: Working Papers/Basic Reports and Survey Reports. Detailed Reports: (1) More formal and pedantic in structure (2) Either Academic or Technical or Business Reports; (3)The language, presentation, and format may vary according to the readers capabilities and intention. Technical Reports: (1) Very much standardized and structured way of writing. Business Reports: (1) Not having the technical rigor; (2) Majorly pictorial type of representation; (3) Tabular form; (4) Highlighting the major suggestions and findings; (5) Should able to satisfy the requirement of the readers. 3
- 4. Layout of the Research Report 1/3 Preliminary Section Background Section Methodology Section Findings Section Conclusions Section Appendices Glossary Bibliography 4 The process of report formulation and writing
- 5. Layout of the Research Report 2/3 1: Preliminary Section Title Page Letter of Transmittal Letter of Authorization Table of contents Executive Summary Acknowledgements 5 2: Background Section Problem Statement Study Introduction and Background Scope and Objectives of the Study Review of Literature 3: Methodology Section Research Design Sampling Design Data Collection Data Analysis 4: Findings Section Results Interpretation of Results 5: Conclusion Section Conclusion and Recommendations Limitations of the Study
- 6. Structure/Layout of a Research Report 3/3 Front Page Dedication Page (Optional) Certificate Page Approval Sheet Declaration Page Acknowledgements Page/Pages Abstract Page/Pages 6 Contents Pages List of Figures List of Tables List of Abbreviations Chapters …….. Appendices References Publications
- 7. Outline of a Technical Report In the technical report the main emphasis is on The methods employed. Assumptions made in the course of the study. The detailed presentation of the finding of the study including their limitation and supporting the data. 7
- 8. Outline of a Technical Report A general outline of the technical report can be as follows: Summary of the results Nature of the study Methods employed Data Analysis of data and presentation of the findings Conclusions Bibliography Technical appendices Index 8
- 9. Different Steps of Report Writing Step-1: Logical analysis of the subject matter Step-2: Preparation of the final outline Step-3: Preparation of the rough draft Step-4: Rewriting and polishing of the rough draft Step-5: Preparation of the final bibliography Step-6: Writing the final draft 9
- 10. General Guidelines Create an outline before you start writing Follow all university guides Plan carefully, create rough drafts, and refine Avoid plagiarism Keep it simple and write in native language Keep your reader in mind 10
- 11. Guidelines for the Effective Documentation Roman Numeral need to be followed for page numbering from Certificate Page to List of Abbreviation. After that from Chapter-1 till end Decimal Numbering are to be used for the page numbering. List of Abbreviations should be written Alphabetically. 11
- 12. Table 1/1 For tables numbering is important. The numbering generally done Chapter-wise like 5.6 means chapter five and sixth number table. For Tables Title is Important. This must be giving such that the title reflect the objective of the formulation of that Table. Long title need to be avoided for better presentation. For Table the Title placement is always placed above the Table. Example: Table 3.11 Performance of ELM classifier on selected feature vectors. 12
- 13. Figures 1/3 For figures numbering is important. The numbering generally done Chapter-wise like 5.6 means chapter five and sixth number figure. For Figures, Title is Important. This must be giving such that the title reflect the objective of the illustration of that Figure. Long title need to be avoided for better presentation For Figures the Title placement is always placed below the Figures. 13
- 14. Figures 2/3 Example: Figure 3.4 Islanding and Non-Islanding case study for F- 10 MATLAB is the best for extracting the figures through computation VISIO software is the best for block-diagram, flowchart and other pictorial representation To get a better clarity of the picture, high resolution is recommendations. To get a higher resolution image export the image in high DPI (Dots per inch). It is better to save the results as .fig files in MATLAB to get better result when exporting 14
- 15. Figures 3/3 For figures numbering is important. The numbering generally done Chapter-wise like 5.6 means chapter five and sixth number figure. For Figures, Title is Important. This must be giving such that the title reflect the objective of the illustration of that Figure. Long title need to be avoided for better presentation For Figures the Title placement is always placed below the Figures. 15
- 16. Chapterisation 1/4 Chapter-1 Introduction Chapter-2 …… Chapter-3 ….. …… Chapter-7Conclusion and Future Scope of the Study 16 Chapter-1 Introduction Chapter-2 Review Chapter-2 Architecture and Standard Chapter-3 ….. Chapter-4 …... ……… Conclusion Number of Chapters is dependent on the work done (Categorically segregating with a particular objective in each chapter) 2.6 Conclusion 2.6 Conclusion 2.7 Motivation
- 17. Chapterisation 2/4 Each Chapter title must be appropriately giving according to the objective and content of that chapter. Each Chapter must have Introduction and Conclusion Section. Motivation Section after the conclusion is optional. This may be one extra paragraph in the conclusion section. The Motivation Section links the chapters and give the reason why the next chapter is framed linking to the previous chapter. Section number and Section sub-section and section bus-sub- section number should be formulated judiciously and with technical content importance. 17
- 18. Chapterisation 3/4 Chapter-3 Protection of DGs 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Literature Review (depends on the technical content, can be optional) 3.2 Problem Formulation 3.3 System Under Study 3.5 Simulated Test Cases 3.5.1 Islanding Scenarios 3.5.2 Non-islanding Scenarios 3.6 ………. ……. 3.11 Conclusion 18 In one chapter under a common objective if many happen many works have been done, then it can be handled by Study-1, Study-2, ….. Study-n like this. Either Chapter numbers will be increased.
- 19. Chapterisation 4/4 A road map like a flow chart or block diagram form can be provided before each chapter. Highlight the portion referring to that chapter by deep background and other as it is in light colour. (Optional, not mandatory) Like in Text books starting with a paragraph if different study have been done, those can be presented before that chapter for better under-standing. (Again this is optional) Example: To support the overall objectives of Chapter-3, three individual studies are formulated. The proposed test studies are: Study-1: A …….Inverter Study-2: Artificial….Transformer Study-3: Integration…. Theory 19
- 20. Abstract 1/4 It serves two main purposes: To help potential readers determine the relevance of your paper for their own research (1). To communicate your key findings to those who don't have time to read the whole paper (2). An abstract is a concise summary of a research paper or entire thesis. It is an original work, not an excerpted passage. An abstract must be fully self-contained and make sense by itself, without further reference to outside sources or to the actual paper. An abstract is a short statement about your paper designed to give the reader a complete, yet concise, understanding of your paper's research and findings. It is a mini-version of your paper. 20
- 21. Types of Abstract 2/4 There are three types of abstract: • Indicative abstracts are short, simple and objective. They describe the theme of the article or publication. • Informative abstracts are longer and more thorough. ... • Evaluative abstracts (also known as critical abstracts) are subjective. 21
- 22. Features of a Good Abstract 3/4 ✓ Avoid citing sources in your abstract. ✓ Summarizes the entire paper, usually in one paragraph. ✓ Usually about 150-300 words for papers and one or two pages for Thesis. ✓ Typically written in the past tense and mostly in the third person. ✓ Entirely new text (not cut and pasted from the paper) ✓ Stands alone-the reader can understand the abstract on its own ✓ Includes keywords; only includes critical references; usually does not include graphics ✓ Has concise, clear, specific (not vague), carefully edited language ✓ Understands the audience: what does the reader know? ✓ Is not misleading; acknowledges when findings are preliminary ✓ An abstract should be brief, concise, objective and balanced. 22
- 23. Structure of a Good Abstract 4/4 In science, the abstract should include a few sentences from each of the following sections: • Introduction: the goal of the study, crucial background • Methods: basic study design • Results: summary of major findings • Discussion: Interpretations, conclusions, broader implications, future research 23
- 24. Introduction 1/3 “The introduction shall provide an overview of the PhD thesis, outline the common research topic(s), theories and methods of the articles, and relate it to the broader literature and research field. An appropriate length is 20-30 pages (6-9 000 words), and approximately one month of work.” (Thesis) An introduction is the first paragraph of your paper. The goal of your introduction is to let your reader know the topic of the paper and what points will be made about the topic. The thesis statement that is included in the introduction tells your reader the specific purpose or main argument of your paper. 24
- 25. Structure of Introduction 2/3 1.1 Introduction/Prologue 1.1.1. Motivation 1.1.2 Background 1.1.3 Possible Solutions and Related Challenges 1.2 Background 25 1.3 Literature Survey/Review 1.4 Objective of the Thesis 1.5 Thesis Major Contribution 1.6 Thesis Organization 1.7 Summary
- 26. Salient Features of Introduction 3/3 Well structure is needed. Problem definition, Review of work (or Background), Motivation, Methodology, Innovation in study, Structure of the entire paper need to be presented. Synchronization Every paragraph must have a specific objective. Well coordinated way of writing from line to line and paragraph to paragraph. 26
- 27. Keywords/Index Terms 1/2 Keywords are a tool to help indexers and search engines find relevant papers. If database search engines can find your journal manuscript, readers will be able to find it too. This will increase the number of people reading your manuscript, and likely lead to more citations. Around five or less than five For example, if the paper is about heart diseases, use words like stroke, circulatory system, blood, etc. 27
- 28. Tips for better Keywords 2/2 1. Keywords should represent key concepts. 2. They should be descriptive. 3. Keywords should reflect a collective understanding of the topic. 4. Limit keywords/phrases to 3-4. 5. Use synonyms of keywords throughout. 6. Reuse keywords and phrases throughout article or abstract. 28
- 29. Conclusion A conclusion is an important part of the paper; it provides closure for the reader while reminding the reader of the contents and importance of the paper. The conclusion example is the final section of your thesis, comprising the closing paragraph or sentence and the summation of the points made in the thesis. It 1: Restate the thesis. 2: Summarize the main points. 3: State the significance or results. It should contain What we have done What are your innovation or findings Future scope or the extension of the study Limitation or the part of the work not has been carried out 29
- 30. References Four popular format ❑MLA ❑ APA ❑ Chicago ❑ Harvard ❑ Vancouver Scholars published paper generally not put in the reference section Each and every paper in reference must be cited at least once in the entire Thesis or paper Repetition of citation is allowed 30
- 31. Publications Same format like Reference Section as Discussed May be Impact Factor, SCI, WOS may be given DOI (Digital Object Identifier) may be given Journal Published, Journal Communicated and Conference paper must be clearly specified Don't change the sequence of the authors 31
- 32. Follow a Standard Structure Template Information to Author from Homepage of the Journal should be referred See the paper of the concern Journal See the University rules and regulations of the thesis Use word. However Latex is better Be sure the structure vary from journal to journal, conference to conference, Project report to Thesis writing Prepare the outline first 32
- 33. Index An index is a list of all the names, subjects and ideas in a piece of written work, designed to help readers quickly find where they are discussed in the text. Usually found at the end of the text, an index doesn't just list the content (that's what a table of contents is for), it analyses it. 33
- 34. Appendices Appendices should follow the References/Bibliography unless your Appendices include citations or footnotes. Appear at the end of your document, often after the reference list. Appendices can consist of figures, tables, maps, photographs, raw data, computer programs, musical examples, interview questions, sample questionnaires, etc. If you have some information you would like to include in your research, you can always include supplemental information as an appendix to your work. Providing a more comprehensive understanding of the research problem or it is information that is too cumbersome to be included in the body of the paper. 34
- 35. Footnotes A footnote is a reference placed at the bottom of a page or footer. They are referenced in the text in the same way as a citation i.e. the referenced text is followed by a superscript numeral (1), which corresponds to the numbered footnote at the bottom of the page. 35
- 36. Bibliography vs References References include sources that have been directly cited in your paper. For each source, you will have at least one in- text citation in the body of your paper. The citation styles that use reference lists include APA citations, AMA citations, and MLA citations. Bibliographies, on the other hand, contain all the sources that you have used for your paper, whether they are directly cited or not. In a bibliography, you should include all of the materials you consulted in preparing your paper. Chicago citations and Oxford citations are two citation styles that use bibliographies. 36
- 37. Precautions for writing the Research Report Avoid the expressions such as “it seems”, “there may be”, “but” Free from typo error, grammatical error ( check with available software's like Grammarly) The flow must be followed in a systematic manner. The objective of the study, the nature of the problem, motivation of the work, the objective of the work, the background of the work, the methods employed, and the analysis must be clearly stated in the beginning of the report in the form of Introduction. 37
- 38. Assignment Write short notes on the characteristics of a good research report Elaborate upon the structure of a report and its main constituents 38
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