PHENYLPROPANOIDS AND FLAVONOIDS &TANNINS

PHENYLPROPANOIDS AND FLAVONOIDS &TANNINS

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  PHENYLPROPANOIDS AND FLAVONOIDS LIGNANS,TEA, RUTA TANNINS CATECHU, PTEROCARPUS
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  PHENYLPROPANOIDS AND FLAVONOIDS PHENYLPROPANOIDS: The phenylpropanoids are diverse family of organic compounds that are synthesized by plants from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine. The name is derived from the six-carbon, aromatic phenyl group and the three- carbon propene tail of coumaric acid, which is the central in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis. Phenylpropanoids are a diverse group of compounds derived from the amino acid phenylalanine that are found in plants and microorganisms. They are made up of benzene rings connected to three straight-chain carbons (C6-C3 groups). Phenylpropanoids are involved in many physiological functions that are essential for plant growth, development, and interactions with their environment.
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  FLAVONOIDS Flavonoids are aclass of phenolic substances found in edible plants that have antioxidant properties and can have biological effects such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antitumor activities Flavonoids are synthesized through the phenylpropanoid pathway transforming phenylalanine into 4 coumaroyl-CoA, which finally enters the flavonoids synthesis pathway. Flavonoids are phytochemical compounds present in many plants, fruits, vegetables, and leaves, with potential applications in medicinal chemistry. Flavonoids possess a number of medicinal benefits, including anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties.
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  LIGNANS The lignans area large group of polyphenols found in plants. Lignans are macromolecules, polymers of basic units of C6-C3 n-propylbenzenes which are linked by the β carbon by their side chains Uses Lignans have been found to exhibit antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antimitotic and antitumor properties.  Lignans have been used as preservatives in the food, agriculture, rubber and pharmaceutical industries.  These are used as stabilizing agents for lubricants and polymers such as adhesives and plastics
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  Lignans are naturalplant compounds that are dimeric instead of polymeric, and are found in many plants, including fruits, vegetables, legumes, seeds, whole grains, flax, sesame seeds, and berries. Lignans are present in a wide variety of plant foods, including seeds (flax, pumpkin, sunflower, poppy, sesame), whole grains (rye, oats, barley), bran (wheat, oat, rye), beans, fruit (particularly berries), vegetables, and beverages like tea, coffee, and wine
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  TEA Synonym :Camelia thea Biologicalsource : Tea is obtained from the prepared leaves and leaf buds of Thea sinensis, Family : Theaceae Chemical Constituents – Contains caffeine, theobromine, theophylline. Color of leaves is due to gallotannic acid. Also contain an enzymatic mixture called thease Chemical test-Murexide Test Stimulant effect on nervous system, Purine alkaloids, Diuretics, Anti-oxidants, anti-cancer, anti-aging,
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  RUTA Synonym :Rue It isnative to Mediterranean region and distributed throughout the world Dried leaves of Ruta graveolens , Rutaceae Flavanoids –Rutin, Quercetin, Extracts from rue have been used to treat eyestrain, sore eyes and as insect repellent. Rue has been used internally as an antispasmodic, as a treatment for menstrual problem, as an abortifacient and as a sedative
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  TANNINS As the nameindicates they posses the property to tan. Tannins are secondary metabolite of plant, non-nitrogenous and phenolic in nature and are present in cell sap and vacuoles. PROPERTIES Tannins are freely soluble in alcohol, water, glycerol and dilute alkaloids. They precipitate proteins and alkaloids(astringent action) Tannins are precipitated by metallic salts of copper, tin and lead. Tannins shows color reactions with iron
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  CATECHU Synonym : Gambir Biologicalsource : Dried aqueous extract of the leaves of young shoots of Uncaria gambier, Family : Rubiaceae Description : Pale catechu occurs as reddish-brown colored cubodial mass quite friable in nature. When broken, it shows cinnamon brown color and porous nature. The drug has no odour, but highly astringent taste which first appears bitter and then sweet. When mounted in water, it shows minute acicular crystals
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  Chemical Constituents –The drug contains condensed tannins in the form of catechin,catechutannic acid and catechu red. The drug also contains quercetin and gambier fluorrescin. Uses : It is used as astringent in treatment of diarrhea and also as a local astringent in the form of lozenges. Pale catechu is mainly used in dyeing and tanning industries and also for protecting the fishing nets
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  PTEROCARPUS Synonym : Malbarkino Biological source : It consists of the dried juice of the plant pterocarpus marsupium Family : Leguminaceae Color- ruby-red Odour- odour less Taste - astringent Shape - angular granules Chemical Constituents – It contains kinnotannic acid, kino-red, resin and gallic acid.kinnotannic acid is a glucosidal tannin, while kinnored is anhydride of kinoin. Kinoin is an insolubule phlobaphene and is produced by the action of oxydase enzyme. It is darker in color than kinnnotannnic acid.
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  Identification : 1. Whenthe solution of drug is treated with ferrous sulphate, green color is produced. 2. With alkali like potassium hydroxide violet color is produced. 3. With mineral acid, a precipitate is obtained Uses : It is used as powerful astringent and also in the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery, passive haemmorrhage toothache and in diabetes. It is used dyeing, tanning and printing