PHP - Introduction to PHP Date and Time Functions

Introduction to PHPDateIntroduction to PHPDate
and Time Functionand Time Function

PHP Date() FunctionPHP Date() Function
•The PHP date() function formats a timestamp to
a more readable date and time.

•The required format parameter in the date()
function specifies how to format the date/time.
 d - Represents the day of the month (01 to 31)
 m - Represents a month (01 to 12)
 Y - Represents a year (in four digits)
•Other characters, like"/", ".", or "-" can also be
inserted between the letters to add additional
formatting.

•The optional timestamp parameter in the date()
function specifies a timestamp. If you do not specify a
timestamp, the current date and time will be used.
•The mktime() function returns the Unix timestamp for a
date.
•The Unix timestamp contains the number of seconds
between the Unix Epoch (January 1 1970 00:00:00 GMT)
and the time specified.

PHP Server Side IncludesPHP Server Side Includes
(SSI)(SSI)
•You can insert the content of one PHP file into
another PHP file before the server executes it, with
the include() or require() function.
•> include() generates a warning, but the script
will continue execution
•> require() generates a fatal error, and the script
will stop

PHP Server Side IncludesPHP Server Side Includes
(SSI)(SSI)
•These two functions are used to create functions, headers,
footers, or elements that will be reused on multiple pages.
•SSI saves a lot of work. This means that you can create a standard
header, footer, or menu file for all your web pages. When the
header needs to be updated, you update the include file, or
when you add a new page to your site, you can simply change
the menu file (instead of updating the links on all your web
pages).

PHP include() FunctionPHP include() Function
•The include() function takes all the content in a
specified file and includes it in the current file.
•If an error occurs, the include() function
generates a warning, but the script will continue
execution.
•Here's what the error output might look like...

errorerror•Warning: include() [function.include]: URL file-access is
disabled in the server configuration in
/home/user/public_html/page.php on line xx
•Warning: include(http://www.somedomain.com/file.php)
[function.include]: failed to open stream: no suitable wrapper
could be found in /home/user/public_html/page.php on line
xx
•Warning: include() [function.include]: Failed opening
'http://www.somedomain.com/file.php' for inclusion
(include_path='.:/usr/lib/php:/usr/local/lib/php') in
/home/user/public_html/page.php on line xx

•Assume that you have a standard header file, called
"header.php". To include the header file in a page, use
the include() function:

•Assume we have a standard menu file, called
"menu.php", that should be used on all pages:
•And this is how you'd include it...

PHP: include() FunctionPHP: include() Function
Here's what the output HTML would look like...

PHP: include() FunctionPHP: include() Function

PHP require() FunctionPHP require() Function
•The require() function is identical to include(),
except that it handles errors differently.
•If an error occurs, the include() function
generates a warning, but the script will continue
execution. The require() generates a fatal error,
and the script will stop.

So, if we use include()...

The errors show, but the code still gets
executed. See how it echoed “Hello World”.

But, if we use require() instead...

We get only the error message – and the
code doesn't get executed.

PHP CookiesPHP Cookies
•A cookie is often used to identify a user.
•A cookie is a small file that the server
•embeds on the user's computer.
•Each time the same computer
requests a page with a browser,
it will send the cookie, too. With
PHP, you can both create
and retrieve cookie values.

PHP setcookie() FunctionPHP setcookie() Function
•The setcookie() function is used to set a cookie.
•Note: The setcookie() function must appear
BEFORE the <html> tag.

•In the example below, we will create a cookie
named "user" and assign the value "Alex Porter" to it.
We also specify that the cookie should expire after
one hour:

•You can also set the expiration time of the cookie
in another way. It may be easier than using
seconds.

PHP $_COOKIEPHP $_COOKIE
•The PHP $_COOKIE variable is used to retrieve a
cookie value.
•In the example below, we retrieve the value of the
cookie named "user" and display it on a page:

PHP $_COOKIEPHP $_COOKIE
If the cookie is set, receive a personal
welcome – if not, it echoes a generic greeting.

MySQL IntroductionMySQL Introduction
•MySQL is a database.
•The data in MySQL is stored in database objects
called tables.
•A table is a collection of related data entries
and it consists of columns and rows.

MySQL TablesMySQL Tables
•A database most often contains one or more
tables. Each table is identified by a name (e.g.
"Customers" or "Orders"). Tables contain records
(rows) with data.
•Below is an example of a table called "Persons":

MySQL QueriesMySQL Queries
•A query is a question or a request.
•With MySQL, we can query a database for specific
information and have a recordset returned.
•Look at the following query:

MySQL QueriesMySQL Queries
•The query above selects all the data in the
"LastName" column from the "Persons" table, and will
return a recordset like this:

MySQL mysql_connect()MySQL mysql_connect()
•Before you can access data in a database, you
must create a connection to the database.
•In PHP, this is done with the mysql_connect()
function.

MySQL mysql_connect()MySQL mysql_connect()
•In the following example we store the connection in a
variable ($con) for later use in the script. The "die" part
will be executed if the connection fails:

MySQL mysql_close()MySQL mysql_close()
•The connection will be closed automatically when
the script ends. To close the connection before, use
the mysql_close() function:

MySQL Create a DatabaseMySQL Create a Database
•The CREATE DATABASE statement is used to create a
database in MySQL.
•To get PHP to execute the statement above we
must use the mysql_query() function. This function is
used to send a query or command to a MySQL
connection.

MySQL Create a DatabaseMySQL Create a Database

MySQL Create a TableMySQL Create a Table
•The CREATE TABLE statement is used to create a
table in MySQL.
•We must add the CREATE TABLE statement to the
mysql_query() function to execute the command.

This is the top part of the file.
The CREATE TABLE code is on the next slide...

•Important: A database must be selected before a
table can be created. The database is selected with
the mysql_select_db() function.
•Note: When you create a database field of type
varchar, you must specify the maximum length of the
field, e.g. varchar(15).

•About Primary Keys and Auto Increment Fields:
•Each table should have a primary key field.
•A primary key is used to uniquely identify the rows in a
table. Each primary key value must be unique within
the table. Furthermore, the primary key field cannot
be null because the database engine requires a value
to locate the record.

•The following example sets the personID field as the
primary key field. The primary key field is often an ID
number, and is often used with the
AUTO_INCREMENT setting. AUTO_INCREMENT
automatically increases the value of the field by 1
each time a new record is added. To ensure that the
primary key field cannot be null, we must add the
NOT NULL setting to the field.

MySQL Inserting DataMySQL Inserting Data
•The INSERT INTO statement is used to add new
records to a database table.
•Syntax
•It is possible to write the INSERT INTO statement in two
forms.

•The first form doesn't specify the column names
where the data will be inserted, only their values:
•The second form specifies both the column
names and the values to be inserted:

•To get PHP to execute the statements above we must
use the mysql_query() function. This function is used to
send a query or command to a MySQL connection.
•Previously we created a table named "Persons", with
three columns; "Firstname", "Lastname" and "Age". We
will use the same table in this example. The following
example adds two new records to the "Persons" table:

MySQL Inserting Data -MySQL Inserting Data -
formsforms
•Now we will create an HTML form that can
be used to add new records to the "Persons"
table.

formsforms
•When a user clicks the submit button in the HTML form in
the example above, the form data is sent to "insert.php".
•The "insert.php" file connects to a database, and retrieves
the values from the form with the PHP $_POST variables.
•Then, the mysql_query() function executes the INSERT INTO
statement, and a new record will be added to the "Persons"
table.

formsforms

MySQL Selecting DataMySQL Selecting Data
•The SELECT statement is used to select data from a
database.
•To get PHP to execute the statement above we must

•The example above stores the data returned by
the mysql_query() function in the $result variable.
•Next, we use the mysql_fetch_array() function to
return the first row from the recordset as an array.
Each call to mysql_fetch_array() returns the next
row in the recordset. The while loop loops through
all the records in the recordset. To print the value
of each row, we use the PHP $row variable
($row['FirstName'] and $row['LastName']).

•The output of the code from two slides back is:
•Here's how to return the data in an HTML table:

•The WHERE clause is used to extract only those records
that fulfill a specified criterion.

MySQL OrderingMySQL Ordering
•The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the data in a
recordset.
•The ORDER BY keyword sorts the records in
ascending order by default.
•If you want to sort the records in a descending order,
you can use the DESC keyword.

MySQL OrderingMySQL Ordering
•It is also possible to order by more than one
column. When ordering by more than one
column, the second column is only used if the
values in the first column are equal:

MySQL UpdatingMySQL Updating
•The UPDATE statement is used to update existing
records in a table.

MySQL UpdatingMySQL Updating
•Note: Notice the WHERE clause in the UPDATE syntax.
The WHERE clause specifies which record or records that
should be updated. If you omit the WHERE clause, all
records will be updated!

MySQL DeletingMySQL Deleting
•The DELETE FROM statement is used to delete records
from a database table.

MySQL DeletingMySQL Deleting
•Note: Notice the WHERE clause in the DELETE syntax.
The WHERE clause specifies which record or records that
should be deleted. If you omit the WHERE clause, all
records will be deleted!

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PHP - Introduction to PHP Date and Time Functions

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