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Phylum arthropoda(arthropod characteristics)
- 1. PHYLUM ARTHROPODA(ARTHROPOD CHARACTERISTICS) Done by :Lamya Alsadhan Supervised by : Ebtesam Alolayan
- 2. What Is anArthropod? • Arthropod, any member of the phylum Arthropoda. • includes such familiar forms as lobsters, crabs, spiders, mites, insects, centipedes, and millipedes. • Arthropods are represented in every habitat on Earth and show a great variety of adaptations. • Some are aquatic, others are terrestrial, some are free living, and others are parasitic.
- 3. Objective: • To identifythe common characteristics of medical arthropods and its classification. • To discuss the mechanisms of transmission and causation of diseases. • To describe the diseases caused or transmitted by medical arthropods. • To implement appropriate prevention, control, and treatment.
- 4. General features: • Allarthropods have a body supported by a hardened external skeleton (exoskeleton). • The appendages of arthropods - their legs, antennae, and mouthparts - are jointed. • Internally, the nerve cord runs along the lower (ventral) part of the body and is not enclosed in a protective spinal column. • Blood is moved by the aid of a tube-like heart. • The overall body arrangement is bilaterally symmetrical.
- 5. Distribution and abundance: •Arthropods are found in almost all of the habitats that cover the Earth’s surface, even in your own room!
- 6. Importance: • The largercrustaceans- shrimps, lobsters, and crabs- are used as food throughout the world. • Although many species of insects and mites attack food crops and timber, arthropods are of enormous benefit to human agriculture. • The stings and bites of arthropods may be irritating or painful, but very few inject dangerous toxins. • Medically, arthropods are more significant as carriers of diseases.
- 7. Arthropods relations tous : • Medical Arthropod: • Arthropods related with human health. • Medical Arthropodology: • Morphology, taxonomy, life cycle, ecology, transmission of the diseases, control measures. • Examples: • Flea Bubonic Plague. • Soft tick Q fever. • Mosquito Malaria.
- 8. Harm for humanhealth: •Harmful cause nuisance. •Ectoparasites. •Mechanical transporters. •Vectors.
- 10. Subphylum Crustacea: • Mostcrustaceans have: two pairs of antennae, three pairs of chewing appendages, various numbers of pairs of legs. • Crustaceans differ from the insects in that they have legs on their abdomen as well as on their thorax. • Medical importance: Cyclopes are intermediate hosts of the fish tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium latum) and Dracunculus medinensis.
- 11. Subphylum Chelicerata Class Arachnida: •The Class Arachnida includes spiders, scorpions, ticks, and mites. • Most arachnids are adapted to kill prey with poison glands, stingers, or fangs. • Arachnids have a body that is divided into a cephalothorax and an abdomen. • Incomplete metamorphosis. • Class Arachnida includes 3 orders of medical importance: • Order Scorpiones. • Order Araneae (spiders). • Order Acari (ticks and mites).
- 12. Tick: • Ticks aredivided into hard-bodied ticks (family Ixodidae) and soft- bodied ticks (family Argasidae) • Ticks are blood-feeding ectoparasites • Ticks are widely distributed around the world, especially in warm, humid climates.
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- 14. Hard and Softticks: • Hard ticks: • Suck in day. • Feed on the host for a few days. • Resting sites: forest, woods, grassland, pasturage. • Soft ticks: • Suck at night. • Feed on the host from minutes to one hour. • Resting sites: locate at the host’s nests and hovel.
- 15. Harm to humans: •Direct injures • Irritation • Tick paralysis • Transmission of diseases • Tick-borne encephalitis. • Tick-borne relapsing fever, Lyme disease. • Q fever and tick-borne typhus.
- 16. Mite: • Mites aresmall arthropods belonging to the class Arachnida and the order Acari (also known as Acarina). • Most mites are tiny, and have a simple, unsegmented body plan. • some species live in water, many live in soil as decomposers, while others again are predators or parasites. • Most species are harmless to humans but a few are associated with allergies or may transmit diseases.
- 17. Itch mite (Sarcoptesscabiei ): • Sarcoptes scabiei parasitizes on humans, which can cause scabies. • Most have piercing/sucking mouthparts, some have chewing mouthparts. All are different from insects • Most are 8-legged except for the 1st instar which is 6- legged. • All are extremely tiny. A big one is the size of a period in your textbook. Some adults live inside hair follicles. Some live inside trachea of insects.
- 18. Life cycle: Egg larva protonymph tritonymph adult Larva - 3 pairs of legs Nymphs - 4 pairs of legs. The female burrows into the skin and lays eggs in a sinuous tunnel.
- 19. Pathogenesis: • Selects placeswhere the skin is thin and wrinkled. Between fingers, wrists, elbows, feet, etc. • Children may be found burrowing on whole body. • The mite can cause more severe skin reactions, such as itching and allergic reactions. • The hypersensitivity may result from the mite excretions. • Secondary bacterial infections may also occur, probably as a result of scratching.
- 20. Immune response inscabies: • S. scabiei infestation results in inflammatory and adaptive immune responses relatively late in the infection (4–6 weeks after initial contact with mite). • It is believed scabies mites have developed the capability of modulating various aspects of the host immune responses resulting in the delayed onset of symptoms. • The rash and itch associated with scabies shows features of both type I (immediate) and type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity reactions. • The initial inflammatory response towards the mite and its products consists of Langerhans cells (LCs) and eosinophils with smaller number of monocytes, macrophages and mast cells.
- 21. Diagnosis, Prevention andcontrol: • Symptoms: sinuous tracks in the skin, inflammation, itching. • Find the mites in the skin. • All clothing and bedding should be laundered in hot water, and sun dried. • 5% Permethrin ointment.
- 22. Class Insecta: • Insectsare relatively small, ranging in size from 0.1mm. • Most insects have compound eyes, and many have ocelli as well.The mouth parts of insects are elaborate. • One pair of antennae and one or two pairs of wings, three pairs of legs, all attached to the thorax. • Body is divided into head, thorax, and abdomen • Larvae in insects are worm-like, which differ greatly in appearance from the adults.
- 23. Insects as vectorof diseases: • As vectors of the agents of bacterial, viral or parasitic infection. • As parasites in their own right, spending part or all of their lifespan on humans • As instigators of allergic responses that vary in severity. • They are 2 types of vectors: • Biological vectors • Mechanical vectors
- 24. Class Insecta isdivided into 4 orders of medical importance: •Order Anoplura (lice). •Order Siphonaptera (fleas). •Order Hemiptera (bugs). •Order Diptera (mosquitoes and flies).
- 25. Order Anoplura (lice): •Body is flattened dorso-ventrally. • Lice are wingless insects with short legs. • Displays incomplete metamorphosis. • Head louse (Pediculus humanus): • Adult louse is 2-5 mm in size, male is smaller than female. • Body is divided into head, thorax and abdomen. • Currently, head and pubic lice are not considered to be vectors for human pathogens
- 26. Order Siphonaptera (Fleas): •About 2500 species, most parasites of mammal’s only approx. 100 species of birds. • Temporary obligate parasites, blood-feeding exclusively as adults. • Most fleas of medical and veterinary importance are not host specific, that increases the potential for acquisition and transmission of pathogens. • Xenopsylla cheopis (Oriental rat flea) is primary urban plague vector.
- 27. Order Hemiptera (BedBugs): • Bed bugs get their name from their proclivity. • They feed on blood, climbing on you as you sleep and feasting.Their bites can cause severe redness and itching. • Some of them are not a big deal. But they're fast breeders and hard to kill.They can hide in your carpet, your clothes or even inside your walls. • Bed bug bite causes anemia and lack of energy and in extreme cases, death.
- 28. Order Diptera (mosquitoesand flies): • Mosquitoes : • Mosquitoes are one of the main disease carriers among insects. • When they bite, they regurgitate a small amount of their stomach contents into the new host. • If a mosquito previously bit an infected person or animal, he can transfer that disease to the new host. Ex: Malaria, typhoid and cholera. • Flies: • Flies often eat food we consider undesirable, such as rotting vegetation and feces. • Their bodies are covered with diseased particles, including their mouth parts, feet and legs. • Deposition of those diseased particles on food we eat, leads to food poisoning. • Flies also transmit diseases such as typhoid and cholera.
- 29. Protection against Mosquitoes,Ticks,& Other Arthropods: • GENERAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES: • Avoid outbreaks. • Be aware of peak exposure times and places. • Wear appropriate clothing.. • Check for ticks • Bed nets. • Insecticides and spatial repellents. • Protective measures against bed bugs