PHYSICAL SCIENCE (EARTH&SPACE)
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The document outlines key concepts in cosmology, particularly the Big Bang theory and elements' formation, detailing stages from singularity to cosmic microwave background. It also discusses ancient Greek philosophers' views on the universe and motion, contrasting models like geocentric and heliocentric, and highlights Kepler's laws of planetary motion. Overall, it presents a historical evolution of astronomical theories and discoveries.
PHYSICAL SCIENCE (EARTH&SPACE)
- 1. LESSON 1 BIG BANG THEORY AND FORMATION OF THE LIGHT ELEMENTS
- 2. COSMOLOGY It is a branch of astronomy that involves the origin and evolution of the universe, from the Big Bang to today and on into the future.
- 3. 3 COSMIC STAGES Through which specific groups of elements were formed 1. Big Bang Nucleosynthesis Formed the light element (H, He, Li) 2. Stellar Formation and Evolution Formed the element heavier than Be to Fe. 3. Stellar Explosion, or Supernova formed the elements heavier than Fe.
- 5. BIG BANG THEORY Explains how the elements were initially formed the formation of different elements involved many nuclear reactions, including fusion, fission and radioactive decay. Part of its proof is the amounts of H and He we have in the universe today.
- 8. STAGES OF BIG BANG 1. Singularity -a point in space and/or a moment in time where the universe was infinitely hot and dense
- 9. STAGES OF BIG BANG 2. Inflation - is a theory of exponential expansion of space in the early universe. The inflationary epoch lasted from 10−36 seconds.
- 10. STAGES OF BIG BANG 3. Nucleosynthesis is the process that creates new atomic nuclei from pre-existing nucleons, primarily protons and neutrons.
- 11. STAGES OF BIG BANG 4. Recombination refers to the epoch at which charged electrons and protons first became bound to form electrically neutral hydrogen atoms.
- 12. STAGES OF BIG BANG 5. Annihilation in physics, reaction in which a particle and its antiparticle collide and disappear, releasing energy.
- 13. STAGES OF BIG BANG 6. Redshift the displacement of spectral lines toward longer wavelengths (the red end of the spectrum) in radiation from distant galaxies and celestial objects.
- 14. STAGES OF BIG BANG 7. Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) is electromagnetic radiation left over from an early stage of the universe in Big Bang cosmology.
- 15. LESSON 2 What is the Greek’s view of Motion and the Universe?
- 16. THALES • First known person to use natural explanations for natural phenomena rather than turning to supernatural world. • He believed that “everything comes out of water and that EARTH FLOATS ON WATER.”
- 17. ANAXIMANDER • Refined the ideas of Thales • He proposed that “a cylindrical Earth is at rest in the center of the universe, surrounded by air, and by one or more spherical shells with holes in them.
- 19. ANAXIMENES • Suggested that the stars were fixed onto a solid transparent crystalline sphere that rotated about the Earth. ANAXAGORAS • Stated that the moon shine by reflected sunlight had mountains and was inhabited and the sun was not a GOD but a large fiery stone much larger than Greece and a large distance from Earth.
- 20. EMPEDOCLES • He said that light travelled fast but not at infinite speed. DEMOCRITUS • Proposed that the Milky way was composed of thousands of unresolved stars
- 21. PYTHAGORAS • One of the first to use mathematics to challenge question and support his observations of the stars. • He and his followers believed in a well-ordered harmonous universe based on geometry rather than experiments.
- 22. PLATO • He viewed the universe as perfect and unchanging. • He reasoned that the most perfect orbit of a planet would be circular and its motion is constant like the stars. • The universe was also described as a large spherical ball with the stars all at the edge and the Earth in the center. • “Saving the appearance” – EMPEDOCLES MOTIONS
- 23. The heavenly objects change their position in the sky over a period of time.
- 24. CLOCK CALENDAR IN THE SKY • DIURNAL MOTION – Is the apparent daily motion of the sky from east to west in which celestial objects are seen to RISE and SET. • ANNUAL MOTION – Carries the sun eastward in the sky over the course of an entire year. It brings in new constellation as the year progresses.
- 25. WANDERING STARS AND PLANETS • They move against the backdrop of the celestial sphere RETROGRADE MOTION OF THE PLANETS • Planets do not only move relative to the fixed stars but they change direction, generally moving from west to east.
- 26. The truth behind the motions of heavenly objects must be circular motion at a constant speed which forever remains the same.
- 27. HIPPARCHUS • Noted that the position of the stars were shifted in a systematic way which indicated that they were not the ones moving but the Earth.
- 28. PRECESSION • The motion of Earth which consists of a cyclic wobbling in the Earth’s axis of rotation with a period of 25, 772 years
- 29. EQUINOXES • The ecliptic and the celestial equator intersect a two points.
- 30. ARISTOTLE • He believed that motion itself had certain properties. And rest is the natural state of the universe because most things we see are not moving.
- 31. Two types of motion • CELESTIAL MOTION – As an unchanging endless circular motion of heavenly objects in a sphere. • TERRESTRIAL MOTION – Pertains to movement of matter that has been classified: • Alternation or Alternate motion • Natural or vertical motion • Horizontal or violent motion
- 32. LESSON 3 HOW DO THE MODELS OF THE UNIVERSE DIFFER FROM EACH OTHER?
- 33. EUDOXUS (408-355 BC) • HOMOCENTRIC MODEL – The model used three concentric spheres arranged in such a way that a planet attached to one of the spheres, travels around a common center making periodic retrograde motions.
- 34. ARISTOTLE (384-322 BC) • GEOCENTRIC MODEL – The spherical earth was at the center of the universe where the sun, moon and the planets all revolve around it.
- 35. ARISTARCHUS (240 BC) • HELIOCENTRIC MODEL – The sun which is much bigger than the earth is at the center of the universe
- 36. PTOLEMY (AD 140) • THE EPICYCLE AND DEFERENT AND TE ECCENTRIC MODEL OF PLANETARY ORBITS – All celestial objects including the planets, sun, moon and stars orbited in epicycles around the stationary earth which is at the center.
- 37. NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1433-1542) • HELIOCENTRIC MODEL – The sun is at rest at the center of the universe and all other heavenly bodies revolve around it in circular paths.
- 38. TYCHO BRAHE (1546-1601) • Earth is at the center of the universe with the sun and the moon orbiting it. The other planets are orbiting the sun in the system.
- 39. TYCHO BRAHE (1546-1601) • MURAL GRADIENT – Brahe with the use of mural gradient and other naked eye instuments recorded the positions of hundreds of stars and followed the motion of planets over decades.
- 40. GALILEO GALILEI (1564- 1642) • was the first to use TELESCOPE to study heavens. • made several observations that prove that the HELIOCENTRIC MODEL was CORRECT and the PTOLEMAIC MODEL was INCORRECT.
- 41. GALILEI’s some observations: • The sun had dark patches on it that are now called SUNSPOTS.
- 42. GALILEI’s some observations: • The surface of the MOON was rough.
- 43. GALILEI’s some observations: • The brightest moons orbit around the Jupiter which called Medicean Sidera (Medicean stars), now commonly called GALILEAN MOONS.
- 44. GALILEI’s some observations: • Venus went through a complete phases, just like the moon which is consistent with the Copernican System but not Ptolemaic System
- 45. GALILEI’s some observations: • SUPERNOVA of 1604 was observed and this disproves that new stars could not appears in heavens.
- 46. LESSON 4 How do the planets move according to Kepler’s Laws of Planetary motion?
- 48. JOHANNES KEPLER (1571-1630) • He used Tycho Brahe’s data to come up with his own heliocentric model of the universe. • He developed three laws of planetary motion.
- 49. Three Laws of Planetary Motion
- 50. Laws of Planetary Motion 1. The orbits of planets are ellipses with the sun at one focus.
- 51. Laws of Planetary Motion 2. The line joining the planet to the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time.
- 52. Laws of Planetary Motion 3. The squares of the periods of the planets are proportional to the cubes of their average distance from the sun.
- 53. SUMMARY • The Greek’s view of motion and the universe – Motion can be celestial or terrestrial. – There is a clock calendar in the sky that includes diurnal motion or annual motion. – Wandering stars orbit in the direction opposite to the direction of the celestial sphere. – Heavenly objects move in perfect circular orbits. – The Earth is at the exact center of the motion of the celestial bodies. – Earth is spherical.
- 54. SUMMARY • The models of the universe differ in terms of their center and how heavenly bodies orbit around the center. • Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion show: – Orbits of the planets are elliptical. – Planets move faster when closer to the sun and slower when further from the sun – The period for a planet to orbit the sun increases rapidly with the radius of the orbit.
- 55. References: Prepared by: JIMNAIRA U. ABANTO • Padolina, Padua, Crisostomo, Alumaga (2016);Physical Science, Vibal Group Inc. • Mahinay,Abbie (2017); In the Beginning (Big Bang Theory and Formation of the light elements URL: www.slideshare.net/abbieMahinay/lesson1-in- the-beginning-big-bang-theory-and-the- formation-of-the-light-elements-82754388 • Photo credits: various internet websites