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physiology Introductions for medical student.pptx
- 1. Introductions TO MentalIllness Common mental illness delivered for physiotherapy students 2024ec Instructor: Asnake Fantu /Msc/ Seiner mental health lecturer in DUCHS
- 2. Mental heath lecturefor physiotherapy students
- 3. Objectives of thecourse • At the end of this course the physiotherapy students will be able to: a) Differentiate mental health, mental illness and common psychiatric disorder b) Diagnosis mental illness c) Knows common comorbid illness d) Perform psychiatry patient assessment (history taking and MSE) e) Recognize common psychiatry disorders related to physiotherapy / comorbid illness / f) Manage common psychiatric disorders g) Refer cases that require further investigation and treatment. h) Apply the preventive, curative and promote methods of mental health including rehabilitative care in physio therapy unit
- 4. introduction parts Bojectives On successfulcompletion of this session the students will be able to: 1- Introduction to psychiatry and classification of Psychiatric disorders 2- Describe the key facts and the epidemiology of mental illness 3 - Understand the Mental health situations in Ethiopia 4- Identify the different types of mental health terminology 5- knows well the Signs and symptoms of mentally sick patients 6- List the Characteristics of a Mentally Healthy and sick Person 7- knows the Common Myths And Misconceptions Related To Mental Illnesses
- 5. What is physiotherapy? •Physiotherapy is largely used as a treatment but can also be used as a preventative tool. Most people seek treatment from a physiotherapist for rehabilitation after an injury as a result of running or sports activities or as a result of occupational reasons such as repetitive strain injuries. Physiotherapy is also used after other treatments have been conducted such as following surgical procedures. Physiotherapy also forms part of palliative care for those who are suffering from life- long or life-threatening medical conditions as well as a way of managing pain.
- 6. What is thepurpose of physiotherapy? • Physiotherapy is a holistic approach that facilitates recovery from many conditions. It aims to encourage participation in one’s own recovery and help a person remain as independent as possible. • Depending on the condition, the physiotherapist may aim to treat a patient to full recovery from their condition such as after an injury or surgery. However, for other conditions, the purpose of physiotherapy is to improve movement, pain and quality of life for as long as is possible.
- 7. It is usedto treat physical conditions including the following: • Musculoskeletal conditions: • Back pain./ anxiety, depression / • Shoulder injuries./anxiety/ • Knee or hip replacements./anxiety, depression/ • Soft tissue injuries./anxiety/ • Sports injuries./anxiety/ • Arthritis. • Repetitive strain injuries. • Post-amputation conditions./depression/
- 8. Nervous system andbrain conditions: • Microcephaly. • Cerebral palsy. • Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT). • Multiple Sclerosis (MS). • Parkinson’s disease. • Traumatic brain injury (TBI). • Guillain-Barré syndrome. • Spinal cord injuries. • Alzheimer’s disease. • Post-polio syndrome.
- 9. • Circulatory andheart-related conditions: • Post-heart attack recovery. • Cardiovascular disease. • Angina. • Peripheral vascular disease. Respiratory conditions: • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). • Cystic fibrosis. • Asthma. • Chronic bronchitis. • Bronchiectasis. • Emphysema. • Pleurisy. • Pneumonia. • Pneumothorax. • Pulmonary Emboli. • Respiratory failure.
- 10. This kind ofphysiotherapy may include: • Manual therapy. • Hydrotherapy. • Electrotherapy. • Kinesiology taping. • Soft tissue treatment. • Advice and education. • Home exercises. • Group exercise programmes.
- 11. The aims mayinclude • Rehabilitation. • Slowing down physical deterioration. • Helping children reach developmental milestones. • Maximising a person’s potential.
- 12. Comorbid medical mentalillness Comorbidity in mental illness can include a situation where a person receives a medical diagnosis that is followed by the diagnosis of a mental disorder (or vice versa), or it can involve the diagnosis of a mental disorder that is followed by the diagnosis of another mental disorder. Comorbidities are more than one disorder in the same person.
- 13. Comorbid……. • For example,if a person is diagnosed with both social anxiety disorder (SAD) and major depressive disorder (MDD),they are said to have comorbid (meaning co- existing) anxiety and depressive disorders • Other comorbid conditions include physical ailments such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, infectious diseases, and dementia. Mental health conditions that tend to show comorbidity include eating disorders, anxiety disorders, and substance abuse. • The term comorbidity was coined in the 1970s by A.R. Feinstein, a renowned American doctor and epidemiologist.
- 14. Comor…… • An estimated46.4% of all people will have some type of mental health condition during their lifetime. Approximately 27.7% will have two comorbid conditions, and 17.3% will have three. • 4Al-Asadi AM, Klein B, Meyer D. Multiple comorbidities of 21 psychological disorders and relationships with psychosocia l variables: a study of the online assessment and diagnostic system within a web-based population . J Med Internet Res. 2015;17(2):e55. doi:10.2196/jmir.4143
- 15. Effects of MentalHealth Comorbidities • Having two or more mental health conditions at the same time is associated with a range of issues. Research suggests that there is a strong relationship between comorbid mental disorders and: 1) An increased risk of suicidal thinking 2) An increased risk of suicide 3) Worse symptom severity 4) Lower social support 5) Decreased quality of life
- 16. Keep in Mind •If you feel that you have symptoms of more than one mental disorder or those of a physical health condition in addition to a mental disorder, it is important to consult with your primary care physician or mental health professional to determine the best course of action. The unique combination of symptoms that you experience will determine whether medication and/or therapy is best for your situation.
- 17. Introduction …. Terminologies relatedto psychiatry Health: is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely in the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO) Mental health: According to World Health Organization (WHO) it is a "state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and can contribute to his or her community It is defined as the successful performance of mental functions in terms of thought, mood, and behavior, that results in productive activities, fulfilling relationships with others, and the ability to adapt to, change, and cope with adversity
- 18. Intro…….. • Psychiatry: Themedical specialty concerned with the identification, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mental disorders • A psychiatrist is a medical doctor who specializes in mental health. • Psychiatrists must train at medical school before training in psychiatry. • Psychiatric nursing is the promotion of mental health , prevention of mental illness and care of a patient with mental illness. • Or a branch of nursing concerned with the prevention and cure of mental disorders
- 19. Introduction ….. • Mentaldisorders: is a syndrome characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition, emotion regulation, or behavior that reflects a dysfunction in the psychological, biological, or developmental processes underlying mental functioning • There are many different types of mental disorders. Mental disorders may also be referred to as mental health conditions.
- 20. Intron…….. • Mental illness: is a disease that causes mild to severe disturbances in thought or behavior, resulting in an inability to cope with life’s ordinary demands and routines. • Mental illness is a state of psychological , social , spiritual or physical ill health which interferes with an: a) Interferes Individual’s Thinking b) Interferes Appropriate Perception Of The Environmental c) Interferes Social relationship and the ability to adapt to changing living conditions or function optimally.
- 21. • What isNormality? • Normality is a concept that refers to behaviour that is considered typical or expected in a particular culture or society. It is determined by the standards and norms of a particular group or society. Normality is not necessarily the same across all cultures and societies, as what is considered normal in one culture may be considered abnormal in another. Normality is also not static but rather changes over time as the values and norms of a society evolve.
- 22. • The worldhealth organization (WHO) considers normality to be a state of complete physical, mental, and social well- being • It is ambitious concept and has multiple meaning • The most widely accepted definitions – psychically normal persons are those who are in harmony with themselves and with their environment. • Satisfaction with sexual identity
- 23. Intron……….. • The NationalMental Health Survey (NMHS) conducted in 2017 in India, reported the prevalence of any mental health condition as 10.6% (point prevalence) and 13.7% (lifetime prevalence). Suicide is also the third leading cause of Years of Lives Lost (YLL) in several states in India. There are peculiar challenges in service delivery for these conditions due to various causes such as myths and misconceptions about conditions, stigma and discrimination against the individuals with disorders, and limited information regarding the disease and treatment availability.
- 24. Intro……… • Nationally, thetreatment gap for mental disorders ranged between 70% and 92% for different disorders: common mental disorder– 85.0%, severe mental disorder–73.6%, psychosis–75.5%, alcohol use disorder–86.3% and tobacco use–91.8%. (as per NMHS 2017). The treatment gap is also due to shortage of trained human resources and specialists. Nevertheless, it has been demonstrated that care can be delivered efficiently by training of frontline workers and nurses, who are closer to the community
- 25. Key facts • 1in every 8 people in the world live with a mental disorder • Mental disorders involve significant disturbances in thinking, emotional regulation, or behavior • There are many different types of mental disorders • Effective prevention and treatment options exist • Most people do not have access to effective care
- 26. What is Abnormality? •Abnormality, on the other hand, is behaviour that deviates from the standards and norms of a particular society or culture. It is typically seen as undesirable or unhealthy behaviour. • Abnormal behaviour is often associated with mental illness, although not all abnormal behaviour is indicative of a mental disorder. Abnormality can also be caused by extreme stress, trauma, or other environmental factors. Abnormality is any impairment in an individual’s functioning or maladaptation to changes in life or the surroundings. It is behaviour that is unusual, bizarre, atypical or out of the ordinary.
- 27. Signs and symptomsof mental illness: 1) Feeling excessively sad or low 2) Confused thinking or problems concentrating and learning 3) Excessive worrying or fear 4) Extreme mood changes, including uncontrollable “highs” or feelings of euphoria 5) Prolonged or strong feelings of irritability or anger 6) Avoiding friends and social activities 7) Difficulties understanding or relating to other people 8) Changes in sleeping habits or feeling tired and low energy 9) Changes in eating habits such as increased hunger or lack of appetite 10) Changes in sex drive
- 28. Sign and symptoms… 11-Difficulty perceiving reality (delusions or hallucinations, in which a person experiences and senses things that don't exist in objective reality) 12- Inability to perceive changes in one’s own feelings, behaviour or personality (”lack of insight” or Anosognosia) 13- Overuse of substances like alcohol or drugs 14- Thinking about suicide 16- Inability to carry out daily activities or handle daily problems and stress
- 29. Characteristics of aMentally Healthy Person 1) Able to regulate and express emotions 2) Self-aware, confident, and emotionally stable 3) Resilient and can cope with stress 4) Has strong relationships and social support 5) Able to set and achieve goals 6) Has a positive outlook and a sense of personal worth 7) Able to think for himself and make his own decisions 8) Able to adjust with other people and make friends
- 30. SMMERY • Generally mentallyhealthy persons has: a) Reasonable independence b) Self direction c) Ability to do a job d) Ability to take responsibility and make needed efforts e) Satisfaction with sexual identity f) Ability to work under authority, rules and difficulties g) Ability to show friendliness and love h) Ability to give and take i) The presence of an intact sense of reality j) Have Good optimal adjustment/ eg. You and other students/
- 31. Misconceptions and publicattitude towards mental illness. • 1) Mental illnesses are caused by God's punishment ,black magic, evil powers 2) Mentally sick patients are different from other peoples. 3) Psychiatric illness is not like physical illness. 4) The mind is not a bodily organ and so cannot be diseased. 5) Medication and hospitalization are harmful to the individual to treated.or You can't prevent mental health problems.
- 32. 6- Psychiatric patientsnever get well, once mentally ill they are always ill /Mental health problems are forever. 7- Psychiatric patients should take drugs throughout their life time. 8- Psychiatric patients are always violent and dangerous or People with mental illness are violent 9- Psychiatric professionals these who are working with the mentally ill persons are likely to become disturbed themselves and help the mentally sick patients after cured from their illness. 10- Mental illness is a contagious
- 33. Myths Facts Mental illnessis caused by evil spirit or supernatural power. Mental illnesses are untreatable. Biological, psychological and social factors are responsible for the causation of mental illness. . Mental illnesses are treatable with proper treatment and counseling Mental illness is caused by evil spirit or supernatural power Biological, psychological and social factors are responsible for the causation of mental illness. Marriage can cure mental illness Marriage can cure mental illness ect
- 34. Epidemiology of mentalillness • The magnitude of mental illness increase now a days due to different factors • Social and economic inequalities, public health emergencies, war, and the climate crisis are among the global, structural threats to Mental Health. Depression and anxiety went up by more than 25% in the first year of the pandemic alone • Everyone’s life touches someone with a mental health condition,” said WHO • WHO17 June 2022Health Nearly one billion people worldwide suffer from some form of mental disorder, according to latest UN data – a staggering figure that is even more worrying, if you consider that it includes around one in seven teenagers.
- 35. Epidemiology….. Mental illnesses aremore common than cancer, diabetes, or heart disease. Over 26 percept of all Americans over the age of 18 meet the criteria for having a mental illness. • In 2019, 1 in every 8 people, or 970 million people around the world were living with a mental disorder, with anxiety and depressive disorders the most common (1). In 2020, the number of people living with anxiety and depressive disorders rose significantly because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Initial estimates show a 26% and 28% increase respectively for anxiety and major depressive disorders in just one year (2).
- 36. Epidemiology…… • Between 76%and 85% of people with severe mental disorders receive no treatment for their mental health problem in low- and middle- income countries.❤ According to the World Health Organization, untreated mental disorders account for 13% of the total global burden of disease
- 37. Common mental illnessare: • Mental health disorders, such as depression or anxiety, affect the way we think, feel and behave. There are more than 200 types of mental illnesses. Symptoms of mental health disorders usually improve with treatment, which may include medication, psychotherapy, alternative therapies or brain stimulation therapy.
- 38. The most commonmental illnesses include • Anxiety disorders • Depressive disorders • Bipolar disorder • PTSD • Schizophrenia
- 39. WHO (2002) Studyshowed that globally • 154 Million People suffer with depression. • 25 Million People suffer with schizophrenia. • 91 Million People suffer with alcohol use disorders and 15 million by drug use. • 50 Million people suffer with Epilepsy (neurological disorder) • 24 Million people suffer with Alzheimer dementia and other dementias • 326 Million people suffer with migraine headache
- 40. Mental health inEthiopia situations. • In Ethiopia, modern mental health services began after the Second World War, soon after the Italians were defeated and expelled from the country. In Ethiopia the first mental Hospital (Amanuel Hospital) was established after the end of the Ethio-Italian war to protect the royal family from mentally ill patients. • The patients were collected and taken to jails to the corner of the town that is now known as Amanuel Hospital. Slowly and gradually a more humanitarian type of care was introduced by one psychiatrist Dr. Fikire Workineh.
- 41. Mental health inEthiopia • The average prevalence of mental disorders in Ethiopia was 18 % for adults and 15% for children. People are now more than ever aware of the importance of mental health. The World Health Organization estimated that neuropsychiatric disorders account about a total of 28% of the global burden of diseases out of which more than one third are caused by depression. Prevalence: It is estimated that 15% of people in Ethiopia are affected by major mental illness or substance abuse disorders. The prevalence of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression is reported as 0.5%, 0.63% and 6.8%, respectively.
- 42. • OVER 13MILLION PEOPLE SUFFER FROM DIFFERENT KINDS OF MENTAL ILLNESS. Source- Professional Journey and Mental Health Research in EthiopiaProf. Atalay Alem , Addis Ababa, Ethiopia July, 2012 Mental health problem Prevalence (%) 1) Common mental disorders 2) Schizophrenia 3) Mood disorders 4) Child hood disorders 5) Substance dependence 6) Alcohol use disorders 7) Khat abuse 8) Suicide attempt 9) Completed suicide 12-17% 0.6-0.7% 3.8-5% 12-24% 4% 2.7-7% 22-64%
- 43. • Amanuel MentalSpecialized Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. According to AMSH communication directorate’s report; the hospital is established by Italian invaders in 1930E to serve as a medical set up for the native population. It has been serving as the only public specialized psychiatric hospital since 1948E. Amanuel Hospital is the first mental hospital in Ethiopia and established after the end of the Ethio-Italian war.Amanuel Mental Hospital has been the only state-owned psychiatric facility in Ethiopia for decades. Amanuel Mental Hospital, in contrary, has over 270 beds for both women and men patients.
- 44. Kotebe General Hospital,which also has a psychiatric facility along with other services, has been established in 2017 and has few capacity of admission. (Source: Befekadu Hailu November Ethiopia Human Rights Project 16, 2018- page)
- 45. Summery • There aremany different types of mental disorders. Mental disorders may also be referred to as mental health conditions. With out mental heath is no health. • Mental health disorders, such as depression or anxiety, affect the way we think, feel and behave. There are more than 200 types of mental illnesses. Symptoms of mental health disorders usually improve with treatment
- 46. • Thank YouFor Your Active Listening