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Pile foundation
- 1. PILE FOUNDATION By ArAnjali S Patil Madhav Institute of Tech & Sci
- 2. FOUNDATIONS Foundations provide supportto the structure, transfers the loads from the structure to the soil. But the layer at which the foundation transfers the load shall have an adequate bearing capacity and suitable settlement characteristics. There are several types of foundation depending on various considerations such as- Total load from the superstructure. Soil conditions. Water level. Noise and vibrations sensitivity. Available resources. Time-frame of the project. Cost. Foundations can be classified as shallow foundations and deep foundations. Shallow footings are usually used when the bearing capacity of the surface soil is adequate to carry the loads imposed by a structure. On the other hand, deep foundations are usually used when the bearing capacity of the surface soil is not sufficient to carry the loads imposed by a structure. So, the loads have to be transferred to a deeper level where https://www.nachi.org/gallery/general-4/deep- foundation-2
- 3. Pile Foundation A pilefoundation is defined as a series of columns constructed or inserted into the ground to transmit loads to a lower level of subsoil. A pile is a long cylinder made up of a strong material, such as concrete. Piles are pushed into the ground to act as a steady support for structures built on top of them. Piles transfer the loads from structures to hard strata, rocks, or soil with high bearing capacity. Pile foundations is type of deep foundation which are generally used in high rise building construction and bridge constructions. It is also used where the site has a weak shallow bearing strata making it necessary to transfer load to a deeper strata either by friction or end bearing principles. https://www.facebook.com/ArchiDesiign/photos/a.24988358 5166904/1569247526563830/?type=3&theater
- 4. Pile foundation areused in following situations When the groundwater table is high. Heavy and un-uniform loads from superstructure are imposed. Other types of foundations are costlier or not feasible. When the soil at shallow depth is compressible. When there is the possibility of scouring, due to its location near the river bed or seashore, etc. When there is a canal or deep drainage systems near the structure. When soil excavation is not possible up to the desired depth due to poor soil condition. When it becomes impossible to keep the foundation trenches dry by pumping or by any other measure due to heavy inflow of seepage. BUILDINGS, PIERS, BRIDGES , DOCKS
- 5. Types of pilefoundation- Based on function or use sheet piles load bearing piles end bearing piles friction piles soil compactor piles Based on materials and construction methods timber piles concrete piles steel piles composite piles https://engineeringdiscoveries.com/2018/12/17/pile-foundation-classification- of-pile-foundations-pile-installation-methods/
- 6. Sheet Piles This typeof pile is mostly used to provide lateral support. Usually, they resist lateral pressure from loose soil, the flow of water, etc. They are usually used for cofferdams, trench sheeting, shore protection, etc. They are not used for providing vertical support to the structure. They are usually used to serve the following purpose- 1. Construction of retaining walls. 2. Protection from river bank erosion. 3. Retain the loose soil around foundation trenches. 4. For isolation of foundation from adjacent soils. 5. For confinement of soil and thus increase the bearing capacity of the soil.
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- 8. Load Bearing Piles Thistype of pile foundation is mainly used to transfer the vertical loads from the structure to the soil. These foundations transmit loads through the soil with poor supporting property onto a layer which is capable of bearing the load. Depending on the mechanism of load transfer from pile to the soil, load-bearing piles can be further classified as follows- http://www.soilmanagementindia.com/pile-foundations/classification-of-pile-foundations-9-criterions-soil-engineering/14179
- 9. End Bearing PilesFriction Pile In this type of pile, the loads pass through the lower tip of the pile. The bottom end of the pile rests on a strong layer of soil or rock. Usually, the pile rests at a transition layer of a weak and strong slayer. As a result, the pile acts as a column and safely transfers the load to the Friction pile transfers the load from the structure to the soil by the frictional force between the surface of the pile and the soil surrounding the pile such as stiff clay, sandy soil, etc. Friction can be developed for the entire length of the pile or a definite length of the pile, depending on the strata of the soil. In friction pile, generally, the entire surface of the pile works to transfer the loads from the structure to the soil.
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- 11. Soil Compactor Piles Compactionpiles are used to compact granular soil, thus increasing their bearing capacity. The compaction piles themselves don’t carry load. The pile tube, driven to compact the soil, is gradually taken out and sand is filled in it’s place thus forming a sand pile.
- 12. Classification of PilesBased on Materials and Construction Method Primarily piles can be classified into two parts. Displacement piles and Non- displacement or Replacement piles. Piles which causes the soil to be displaced vertically and radially as they are driven to the ground is known as Displacement piles. In case of Replacement piles, the ground is bored and the soil is removed and then the resulting hole is either filled with concrete or a pre-cast concrete pile is inserted. On the basis of materials of pile construction and their installation process load-bearing piles can be classified as follows: Timber Piles Untreated Treated with Preservative Concrete Piles Pre-cast Piles Cast-in-place Piles Steel Piles I-Section Piles Hollow Piles Composite Piles
- 13. Timber Piles https://derrickjknight.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/t imber-piles.jpg https://www.pinepac.co.nz/wp- content/uploads/2015/07/House-Piles.jpg http://ecochoice.co.uk/misc/image/44786/740/600/false Timber pilesare placed under the water level. They last for approximately about 30 years. They can be rectangular or circular in shape. Their diameter or size can vary from 12 to 16 inches. The length of the pile is usually 20 times of the top width. They are usually designed for 15 to 20 tons. Additional strength can be obtained by bolting fish plates to the side of the piles.
- 14. Timber Piles Advantages ofTimber Piles- Timber piles of regular size are available. Economical. Easy to install. Low possibility of damage. Timber piles can be cut off at any desired length after they are installed. If necessary, timber piles can be easily pulled out. Disadvantages of Timber Piles- Piles of longer lengths are not always available. It is difficult to obtain straight piles if the length is short. It is difficult to drive the pile if the soil strata are very hard. Spicing of timber pile is difficult. Timber or wooden piles are not suitable to be used as end-bearing piles. For durability of timber piles, special measures have to be taken. For example- wooden piles are often treated with preservative.
- 15. Concrete Piles Precast concretePiles The precast concrete pile is cast in pile bed in the horizontal form if they are rectangular in shape. Usually, circular piles are cast in vertical forms. Precast piles are usually reinforced with steel to prevent breakage during its mobilization from casting bed to the location of the foundation. After the piles are cast, curing has to be performed as per specification. Generally curing period for pre-cast piles is 21 to 28 days. Cast-in-Place Concrete Piles This type of pile is constructed by boring of soil up to the desired depth and then, depositing freshly mixed concrete in that place and letting it cure there. This type of pile is constructed either by driving a metallic shell to the ground and filling it with concrete and leave the shell with the concrete or the shell is pulled out while concrete is poured.
- 16. Pre-cast Piles Advantages ofPre-cast Piles Provides high resistance to chemical and biological cracks. They are usually of high strength. To facilitate driving, a pipe may be installed along the center of the pile. If the piles are cast and ready to be driven before the installation phase is due, it can increase the pace of work. The confinement of the reinforcement can be ensured. Quality of the pile can be controlled. f any fault is identified, it can be replaced before driving. Pre-cast piles can be driven under the water. The piles can be loaded immediately after it is driven up to the required length. Disadvantages of Pre-cast Piles Once the length of the pile is decided, it is difficult to increase or decrease the length of the pile afterward. They are difficult to mobilize. Needs heavy and expensive equipment to drive. As they are not available for readymade purchase, it can cause a delay in the project. There is a possibility of breakage or damage during handling and driving of piles.
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- 20. Cast-in-Place Concrete Piles Advantagesof Cast-in-Place Concrete Piles The shells are light weighted, so they are easy to handle. Length of piles can be varied easily. The shells may be assembled at sight. No excess enforcement is required only to prevent damage from handling. No possibility of breaking during installation. Additional piles can be provided easily if required. Disadvantages of Cast-in-Place Concrete Piles Installation requires careful supervision and quality control. Needs sufficient place on site for storage of the materials used for construction. It is difficult to construct cast in situ piles where the underground water flow is heavy. Bottom of the pile may not be symmetrical. If the pile is un-reinforced and uncased, the pile can fail in tension if there acts and uplifting force.
- 21. Cast –in- placeconcrete piles https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/cased-cast-in-situ-concrete-piles-types-uses/17236/ Different types of Cast –in- place concrete piles Raymond piles Mac-Arthur piles Union metal monotube pile Swage pile Western button bottom pile
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- 23. Bored cast inplace http://video.bauer.de/bst/flippingbook/Ortbetonbohrpfahle- englisch/files/assets/common/downloads_8974fbde/publication.pdf http://www.aquasoli.com/blog/cast-in-place_1/
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- 26. Steel Piles Steel pilesmay be of I-section or hollow pipe. They are filled with concrete. The size may vary from 10 inches to 24 inches in diameter and thickness is usually ¾ inches. Because of the small sectional area, the piles are easy to drive. They are mostly used as end-bearing piles. Advantages of Steel Piles They are easy to install. They can reach a greater depth comparing to any other type of pile. Can penetrate through the hard layer of soil due to the less cross-sectional area. It is easy to splice steel piles Can carry heavy loads. Disadvantage of Steel Piles Prone to corrosion. Has a possibility of deviating while driving. Comparatively expensive.
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- 28. Composite pile https://gharpedia.com/blog/pile-foundation-types- classifications/ This isa type of construction in which piles of two different materials are driven one over the other, so as to enable them to act together to perform the function of a single pile. In composite pile the upper and lower portions consists of different types of materials. Thus, it takes advantage of good qualities of both the materials.
- 29. Pile cap https://www.thestructuralworld.com/2018/07/20/pile-cap-design/ A pilecap is one of the types of foundation that consist of a thick concrete pad that is usually supported by piles. This is commonly used in building foundations with the geographical locations having a very low soil bearing capacity. Pile cap serves to transmit the load of the building into the hard strata of the soil via a pile or group of piles.
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