Plagarism and how to avoiding plagiarism .pptx

•Plagiarism is a concern for teachers and students,
but it can be avoided by understanding the issues
involved.
•In the English-speaking academic world, it is
essential to use a wide range of sources for your
writing and to acknowledge these sources clearly.
•This unit introduces the techniques students need
to do this. Further practice is provided in

What is plagiarism?
•Basically, plagiarism means taking ideas or words from
a source (e.g. a book or journal) without giving credit
(acknowledgement) to the author.
•It is seen as a kind of theft, and is considered to be an
academic crime.
•In academic work, ideas and words are seen as private
property belonging to the person who first thought or
wrote them.
• Therefore, it is important for all students, including
international ones, to understand the meaning of
plagiarism and learn how to prevent it in their work.

The main difficulty that students face is that they
are expected:
(a) to show that they have read the principal
authorities on a subject – by giving citations.
BUT
(b) to explain these ideas in their own words and
come to their own original conclusions.

There are several reason why students must
avoid plagiarism:
•To show that they understand the rules of the
academic community
• Copying the work of others will not help them
develop their own understanding
• Plagiarism is easily detected by teachers and
computer software
• Plagiarism may lead to failing a course or even
having to leave college

2 Acknowledging souces
•If you borrow from or refer to the work of
another person, you must show that you have
done this by providing the correct
acknowledgement. There are two ways to do this:

Summary and citation
Smith (2009) claims that the modern state wield
power in new ways.
Quotation and Citation
According to Smith: ‘The point is not the state is in
retreat but that it is developing new forms of power ..’
(Smith, 2009, p. 103).

These in-text citation are linked to a list of
references at the end of the main text, which
includes the following details:
Author Date Title Place of
publication
Publisher
Smith,
M.
(2009) Power
and the
State
Basingstoke: Palgrave
Macmilla
n
The citation makes it clear to the reader that you have read Smith and borrowed
this idea from him. This reference gives the reader the necessary information to
find the source if the reader needs more detail.

3 Degree of plagiarism
Working with a partner, consider the following
academic situations and decide if they are plagiarism.
1. Y 6. N
2. Y 7. Y
3. Y 8. N
4. N 9. Y/N
5. Y 10. Y

4 Avoiding plagiarism by summarising and
paraphrasing
• Quotations should not be overused, so you must learn to
paraphrase and summarise in order to include other
writers’ idea in your work.
• This will demonstrate you understanding of a text to your
teachers.
• Paraphrasing involves rewriting a text so that the
language is significantly different while the content stays
the same.
• Summarising means reducing the length of a text but
retaining the main points.

Railway Manias
In 1830 there were a few dozen miles of railways in all the
world – chiefly consisting of the line from Liverpool to
Manchester. By 1840 there were over 4,500 miles, and by
1850 over 23,500. Most of them were projected in a few bursts
of speculative frenzy known as the ‘railway manias’ of 1835–
1837 and especially in 1844–1847; most of them were built in
large part with British capital, British iron, machines, and
know-how. These investment booms appear irrational because
in fact, few railways were much more profitable to the investor
than other forms of enterprise, most yielded quite modest
profits and many none at all: in 1855 the average interest on
capital sunk in the British railways was a mere 3.7 percent.
(From The Age of Revolution by Eric Hobsbawm, 1995, p. 45)

Answers
(a)Acceptable – a correctly referenced summary
(b) Plagiarized – original wording with minor changes
to word order
(c) Acceptable – a correctly referenced quotation
(d) Technically plagiarism – a mistake in date means
the citation is incorrect
(e) Plagiarized – some original wording and no
citation

5 Avoiding plagiarism by developing good
study habits
•Few students deliberately try to cheat by
plagiarising, but some develop poor study habits
that result in the risk of plagiarism.

Working with your group, add to the list of
positive habits.
•Plan your work carefully so you do not have to
write the essay at the last minute.
• Take care to make notes in your own words, not
copying from the source.

Possible answers
• Keep a record of all the sources you use (e.g. author, date,
title, page numbers, publisher).
• Make sure all your in-text citations are included in the
list of references.
• Check that your quotations are exactly the same wording
as the original.
• When paraphrasing, alter the structure as well as the
vocabulary.
• Make sure your in-text citations are all included in the list
of references.

6 Practice
•Revise this unit by matching the words on the
left with the definition on the right.

Answers
•Source: Any text that students use to obtain ideas or
information
•Citation: Short in-text note giving the author’s name
and publication date
•To summarize: To reduce the length of a text but
keeping the main points
•Quotation: Using the exact words of an original text in
your work
•Reference: Full publication details of a text to allow a
reader to access the original
•To cheat: To gain advantage dishonestly

American Psychological Association (APA)
Do you know what’s the latest edition of APA
publication Maual ?
7th edition style of citations and
referencing (released in October 2019)

•APA style covers more than just citations and
referencing, it can also cover how you format
your document, right down to specifying the
margin size.
•However, this course it’s only the referencing
and citation aspect of APA style that we are
concerned with.

References and Quotations
Academic work depends on the research and ideas of
others, so it is vital to show which sources you have
used in your work, in an acceptable manner. This unit
explains:
•the format of in-text citation
• the main reference systems
•the use of quotations
•the layout of lists of references

Why you should use references?
There are three principal reasons for providing
references and citations:
(a) To show that you have read some of the authorities
on the subject, which will give added weight to your
writing.
(b) To allow readers to find the source, if they wish to
examine the topic in more detail.
(c) To avoid plagiarism.

When should you reference? Yes/No
(a)Data you found from your own primary
research
(b) A graph from an Internet article
(c )A quotation from a book
(d) An item of common knowledge
(e) A theory from a journal article
(f) An idea of your own based on reading several
sources

When should you reference? Yes/No
(a)Data you found from your own primary
research (N)
(b) A graph from an Internet article (Y)
(c )A quotation from a book (Y)
(d) An item of common knowledge (N)
(e) A theory from a journal article (Y)
(f) An idea of your own based on reading several
sources (N)

Citations and references
It is important to refer correctly to the work of
other writers that you have used.
You may present these sources as a
summary/paraphrase, quotation, or use both.
In each case, a citation is included to provide a
link to the list of references at the end of your
paper:

Reference elements (Journal article)
Sihare, S. R. (2018). Roles of e-content for e-business: Analysis.
International Journal of Information Engineering and Electronic
Business, 10(1), 24.
https://doi.org/10.1080/14697010500036064

Elements
• Author’ surname
• Author’s Initial(s)
• Year
• Article Title
• Journal Title in Italics
• DOI or Journal URL
• Volume in Italics Issue Number
• Page No(s)

Example:
Smith (2009)argues that the popularity of the
Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV) is irrational, as despite
their high cost most are never driven off-road. In
his view, ‘they are bad for road safety, the
environment and road congestion’ (Smith, 2009, p.
37).
In text citation
References
Smith, M. (2009). Power and the state. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

IN-Text Citations
APA is known as an author-date referencing style
because only the author’s surname and the year
of publication are necessary to refer to in the
body of the essay itself.
The rest of the information can be found in the
reference list, at the end of your essay.
You don’t need to put the full title of the book
or article into your essay paragraphs. All you
need is the author’s surname, and the year it
was published, and the page number (most of
the time).

Author Information
•The very first piece of information in most
references is the author’s name(s).
•We say “most”, because some sources may not
have an author (such as websites, the Bible…).
•If your source doesn’t have an author, do not
include any information about an author in your
reference.

Citing a Source with 1 or 2Author
When a source that one or two authors, include the author
name(s) every time the source is cited. In parenthetical citations,
use an ampersand (&) between names for a work with two
authors or before the last author when all names must be
included to avoid ambiguity. In narrative citations, spell out the
word “and”.
• Consider the following examples:
(Luna, 2020)
Luna (2020) state ….
(Salas & D’Agostino, 2020)
Salas and D’Agonostino (2020) argue that…..

Citing Source with three or more authors
When a source that has three or more authors is cited, include
the name of only the first author plus “et al.” (an abbreviation of
“et alia” which means “and others”) in every citation, including
the first citation, unless doing so would create ambiguity.
• Consider the following example:
Reviews of research on religion and health have concluded that
at least some types of religious behaviors are related to higher
levels of physical and mental health (Salsman et al., 2015, p.
3761).
Salsman et al. (2015, p. 3761) showed that ...

How about when referencing
In the reference list a source which has three or more authors,
ALL the authors (up to 20) are spelt out in the reference list. If there
are more than 21 authors “…” is used between the 19th author and
the last author. APA 7th ed. replaces all authors between the 19th
and last author with “. . .”.
For example:
Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D.,
Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woolen, J., Zhu,
Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J.,
Mo, K.C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa, A., … Joseph,
D. (1996). The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project.
Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 77(3), 437-
471. http://doi.org/fg6rf9
In Citiatation:
(Kalnay et al., 1996)

Avoiding Ambiguity- Which one is Which?
• Sometimes multiple works with three or more authors and the same
publication year shorten to the same in-text citation, which creates
ambiguity (more than one interpretation)
For example, two works have the following authors:
• Maxwell, Scourfield, Holland, Featherstone, and Lee (2012)
• Maxwell, Scourfield, Featherstone, Holland, and Tolman (2012)
Both these citations were shortened to Maxwell et al. (2012). To avoid
ambiguity when citing them both in your work, cite them as follows:
• Maxwell, Scourfield, Holland, et al. (2012)
• Maxwell, Scourfield, Featherstone, et al. (2012)

Because “et al.” is plural (meaning “and others”, it cannot
stand for only one name. When only the final author is
different, spell out all names in every citation.
• Hasan, Liang, Kahn, and Jones-Miller (2015)
• Hasan, Liang, Kahn, and Weintraub (2015)

Works with the same author and same year
When multiple references have an identical author (or
authors) and publication year, include a lowercase letter
(a, b, c, etc.) after the year.
The year-letter combination is used in both the in-text
citation and the reference list entry.
Use only the year with a letter in the in-text citation,
even if the reference list entry contains a more specific
date.
For Example:
(Judge & Kammeyer-Mueller, 2012a)
Judge and Kammeyer-Mueller (2012b)
And
(Sifuentes, n.d.-a, n.d.-b)

Assign the letters a, b, etc. in the order the works
appear in your reference list.
Your reference list is arranged alphabetically by
author, then year, then title. In the titles, J comes
before O, so these two references will be ordered
like this in the reference list:
Judge, T. A., & Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D. (2012a). Job attitudes.
Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 341-67.
https://doi.org/10.10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100511
Judge, T. A., & Kammeyer-Mueller, J. D. (2012b). On the value
of aiming high: The causes and consequences of ambition.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 97(4), 758-775.
https://doi.org/10.1037.a0028084

Authors with same surname
If the first authors of multiple references share the
same surname but have different initials, include
the first authors’ initials in all in-text citations,
even if the year of publication differs.
Initials help avoid confusion within the text and
help readers locate the correct entry in the
reference list.
For example:
(J. Taylor & Neimeyer, 2015; G. Taylor, 2015)
If the authors have the same surname and the same initials, then you write
out their given names in full.
For example:
(James Taylor, 2015) and (John Taylor, 2015)

Citing a source multiple times in one paragraph
Sometimes you might want to use one particular source
several times during one paragraph.
Putting an in-text citation after every sentence that comes
from that source would look awful and break the flow of
your writing… but leaving the in-text citations out risks
plagiarism.
Introduce the source early in the paragraph, with the author
as part of the sentence rather than in brackets. For example:
Bryman (2016, p. 100) describes several aspects of the data
gathering process.

Which sources should I use?
•The best sources are once which has been through
some reviews.
•Journals and articles have usually been through peer
reviews and have been critiqued by other
academics.
•Sources such as Wikipedia, or random pages on the
internet have not been through a peer review
process.
Think about the sources you are choosing when you
write your assignments. Ask yourself:
• Is there a date?
• Is there a name?
• Is there evidence of some kind of review process
before it has gone on the internet?

DOIs and URLS
A digital object identifier (DOI) is a unique
alphanumeric string that identifies content and
provides a persistent link to its location on the
internet. DOIs can be found in database records and
the reference lists of published works.

URL A uniform resource
locator (URL)
specifies a location
of digital information
on the internet and
can be found in the
address bar of your
internet browser.
URLs in references
should link directly
to the cited work
when possible.

•Include a DOI for all works that have a DOI,
regardless of whether you used the online version or
the print version.
•If a print work does not have a DOI, do not include a
DOI or URL in the reference.
•If an online work has both a DOI and a URL, include
only the DOI.
•If an online work has a URL but no DOI, include the
URL in the reference as follows:

•For works without DOIs from websites (not
including academic research databases), provide
a URL in the reference (as long as the URL will
work for readers).

•For works without DOIs from most academic
research databases, do not include a URL or database
information in the reference because these works are
widely available. The reference should be the same
as the reference for a print version of the work.
Examples of academic research databases and
platforms that are widely available include CINAHL,
Ebook Central, EBSCOhost, Google Scholar,
JSTOR, MEDLINE, Science Direct.

Format of DOIs and URLs
• Present both DOIs and URLs as hyperlinks (i.e. beginning with “http:”
or “https:”).
• Because a hyperlink leads readers directly to the content, it is not
necessary to include the words “Retrieved from” or “Accessed from”
before a DOI or URL.
• It is acceptable to use either the default settings for hyperlinks in your
word processing program (e.g. usually blue font, underlined) or plain
text that is not underlined.
• Links should be live of the work is to be published or read online.
• The format for the DOI in the reference list is:
• https://doi.org/xxxxx
• The string “https://doi.org/” is a way of presenting a DOI as a link,
and “xxxxx” refers to the DOI number.

• Copy and paste the DOI or URL from your web browser directly onto
your reference list to avoid transcription errors.
• DO not change the capitalisation or punctuation of the DOI or URL.
• DO not add line breaks manually to the hyperlink, it is acceptable if
your word=processing program automatically adds a break or moves the
hyperlink to its own line.
• Do not add a period (full stop) after the DOI or URL because it may
interfere with the link functionality.
• When a DOI or URL is long or complex, you may use a shortDOIs or
shortened URL if desired. Use the shortDOI service provided by the
International DOI Foundation (http://shortdoi.org/). Enter a cut and
paste of the DOI and this service will create a new shortDOI.

Online Sources
•You will also need to use sources from the
internet when you write essays. Some of these
have authors, some have titles only and no
author, and some have no date. There are rules
to follow in all of these scenarios.

• If there is an author use the author-date format, just like you would for
a book or article, for example (Smith, 1990).
• If no author is identified, use the first few words of the title in place of
the author. These must be placed within double quotation marks, for
example, (“Eating Tomatoes,” 1990).
• If no date is provided, use "n.d." in place of the date, for example,
(“Eating Tomatoes,” n.d.)
• To cite a specific part of a source, indicate the page, chapter, figure,
table, or equation at the appropriate point in text. Always give page
numbers for quotations. Note that the words page and chapter are
abbreviated in such text citations:
The only exception to this is if you are
referring to an entire website in general in
your essay, then you would provide the name
of the website in the text and include the URL
in parentheses. For example, you might write:
We created our survey using Qualtrics
(https://www.qualtrics.com).
Marketing and branding of the All Blacks is an integral
part of their commodification. This is exemplified by
Allblacks.com (http://www.allblacks.com/).

Examples:
• (Cheek & Buss, 1981, p. 332)
• (Shimamura, 1989, chap. 3)
For electronic sources that do not provide page
numbers, use the paragraph number, if available,
preceded by the abbreviation para.
Example:
• (Myers, 2000, para. 5)
• Do not cite the URL in the body of the essay. This information will
be put into the reference list (at the end of the essay).

Quiz. 1 What is the correct reference format
for a book?
Ebbeck, M., & Waniganayake, M. (2016). Play in early childhood education:
Learning in diverse contexts (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
Ebbeck, M and Waniganayake, M. 2016. Play in early childhood
education: Learning in diverse contexts. Oxford University Press,
South Melbourne
M. Ebbeck, & M. Waniganayake. (2016). Play in early childhood
education: Learning in diverse contexts (2nd ed.). South
Melbourne, Oxford University Press.
Ebbeck, M., & Waniganayake, M. (2016). Play in early childhood education:
Learning in diverse contexts (2nd ed.).

Quiz.2. What is the correct author and year
format for a Journal article in a reference list?
Brill, j. B. 2011.
John Brill, 2011.
Brill, JB, (2011).
Brill, J.B. (2011).

Quiz. 3 What is the correct reference format
for a webpage on a webstie?
• Johnson, A. (2018, May 24). “It doesn’t need to be this way”: The
promise of specialized early intervention in psychosis
services. IEPA. Viewed 30th July 2023,
https://iepa.org.au/network-news/it-doesnt-need-to-be-this-
way-the-promise-of-specialised-early-intervention-in-
psychosis-services/
• Johnson A. 2018. “It doesn’t need to be this way”: The promise
of specialised early intervention in psychosis
services. IEPA. https://iepa.org.au/network-news/it-doesnt-
need-to-be-this-way-the-promise-of-specialised-early-
intervention-in-psychosis-services/

• Johnson, A. (2018, May 24). “It doesn’t need to be this way”:
The promise of specialised early intervention in psychosis
services. IEPA. https://iepa.org.au/network-news/it-doesnt-
need-to-be-this-way-the-promise-of-specialised-early-
• Johnson, A. (2018). “It doesn’t need to be this way”: The
promise of specialised early intervention in psychosis
services. https://iepa.org.au/network-news/it-doesnt-need-
to-be-this-way-the-promise-of-specialised-early-

Qu.4. What is the correct in-text reference
format for a direct quote (narrative style)?
• Viet and Gould (2010) emphasise the importance of “using your
own words and your own style” (P. 158) when paraphrasing.
• Viet and Gould, page 158, emphasise the importance of ‘using
your own words and your own style’ when paraphrasing.
• Viet and Gould (2010, p158) emphasise the importance of ‘using
your own owrds and your own style’ when paraphrasing.
• Viet and Gould (2010) emphaise the importance of ‘using your
own words and your own style’ when paraphrasing.

Qu.5. True or False: The reference list is arranged
in the order of resources cited in your assignment.
True
False

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