Planning

Planning

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  “ Planning involves selecting mission and objectives and the actions to achieve them; it requires decision-making that is, choosing from alternative courses of action.” Heinz and Koontz “ A plan is a trap laid to capture.” -Allen Definition
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  Planning is theprocess of bridging the gap between where we are and where we want to be in the future. Thinking before doing is planning.
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  Nature of planningCurrent Status Planning Required Gap Desired Status status Time T1 T2
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  Characteristics of PlanningPlanning is goal- oriented Planning is an intellectual or rational process Planning is a primary function Planning all- pervasive Planning is forward looking Planning is a perpetual process Planning is an integrated process Planning involves choice
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  Planning Process Analyzing opportunities Reviewing the plans Establishing objectives Determining Planning premises Identification of alternatives Evaluation of alternatives Choice of Alternative plans Formulating of Supporting plans
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  Types of PlanningPlans based on organizational levels Long-term (Strategic) Planning Medium- term Planning 3yrs Operational Planning shifts
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  Strategic Planning Toachieve strategic goals Indicates recourse allocation and priorities It involves SWOT Analysis Generally developed by top management Long- term in nature Uncertain environment Large amount of information is required
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  Tactical Planning Aimsat achieving tactical or short-term goals Support the implementation of strategic plans Developed by middle-level managers Actual getting the things done Less risky Information can be derived from internal sources
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  Operational Planning Stepsfor achieving tactical plans Specific, quantitative terms and for day-to-day operations Developed by lover-level managers Time frame is less than a year Certain environment Operational goals are necessary for the success of tactical and strategic plans
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  Types of PlanningPlans based on frequency of use Single- use plans Programs Budgets Projects Standing Plans Policies Procedures Rules
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  Single-use Plan ProgramsLarge scale single-use plans that coordinates a complex set of activities to achieve important non- recurring goals. Budgets. The expected results of a given future period in numerical terms. It quantifies the plans and established for actual operation. Projects It helps in the precise allocation of duties and effective control and easy implementation of plans.
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  Standing Plan Policies It specifies the broad parameters. Procedures It is a chronological sequence of steps to be undertaken to achieve an objective. Rules A rule is a statement that spells out what should or should not be done in a particular situation.
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  Types of PlanningPlans based on time frame Long-term Plans Intermediate Plans Short-term Plans
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  Linked to long-termobjectives Direction for action Consistent Feasible Simplicity Flexible Making Planning Effective Plans are of little importance, but planning is essential