Plantation in nepal & tropics

Plantation in nepal & tropics

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  Plantation Forest (Teak) By:Deepak Gautam, Asst. Professor, IOF, Pokhara
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  Background: The term silviculturerefers to certain aspects of theory and practices of raising forest crops (Champion and Seth 1968)  It is defined as the art and science of cultivating forest crops (Anon 1966)  Silviculture includes both (a) Silvics and (b) its practical application.  Silvics has been defined as the study of life history and general characteristics of forest trees and crops with particular reference to environmental factor as the basis for the practice of silviculture (Anon 1966).
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  Unit:1. Plantation forestry: 1.1Introduction and scope  Artificial regeneration is the renewal of a forest crop by sowing, planting or by other artificial means. The word “Plantation” is synonymous to artificially regenerated crop and it is defined as a forest crop raised artificially, either by sowing or planting.  Artificial regeneration includes both (i) reforestation and (ii) afforestation. Why plantation? Give some points orally? 1. 2.
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  Why do weneed plantation forests? Supplementing natural resources. Natural regeneration in several forests is not successfully obtained. In such cases, area has to be regenerated artificially by raising plantation. Such planting is called enrichment planting.  Replacing natural regeneration In several areas, natural regeneration of forests is uncertain and very slow. Several times it requires many silvicultural operations and high cost. In such case forest is restored by artificial regeneration by sowing and planting or by both.  To restock and revegetate degraded forest. The process of natural restocking is very slow and uncertain. Restocking the land by artificial means is perhaps the quickest and most effective method of revegetation.
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  Similarly, To change thecrop composition and to introduce fast growing and exotic species. To increase the production and meet the demand.  To utilize and reclaim wasteland.  To generate employment and improve economy.  To promote industrial growth.  To Promote farm forestry and agroforestry.  To conserve environment etc. Reference: Dwivedi. A.P.(2006). A text book of silviculture. Published by International Book Distibuters, Dehradun, India. Pg 291.
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  1.2 Plantation inNepal  No long plantation history of Nepal. Currently, community plantations have become the major plantation in Nepal. Started since first five year plan (2013-2017 B.S.). 153 acre of land planted in the 1st five year plan. The plantation program focused in every five year plans
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  Major Plantation programsconducted in Nepal : Sagarnath forest development project/ program Ratuwamai plantation project Nepal Australia Forestry Project Nepalgunj forest development project Chautara forest development project Tamagadi Taungya Plantation Hill forest development project
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  Forest of theworld:
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  1.3 Plantation inthe tropics The tropics is a region of the Earth by the Equator. It is limited in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the northern hemisphere at approximately 23°26' (23.5°) N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere at 23°26‘ (23.5°) S. History of plantation: (Some major included here):  Bible records, Abraham planting a Tamarisk tree.  Bodhi tree (Ficus religiosa ) was recorded about 220 BC.  Teak was introduced in Srilanka as early as 1680  Teak was success in Java, Indonesia ,in 1829 A.D.  Teak planted in Bangladesh, in 1871.  In 1866, Changamanga plantation of Sisoo was done in Pakistan.  Several other plantations were done for various purpose before 1900 AD. Note: The area of the temperate and boreal forests has now broadly stabilized. It is the tropical forests that are being so rapidly destroyed. Reference: http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0829e/t0829e04.htm. Reterived on 20 May 2018.
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  Plantation …………….  By1945, 180,000 ha Acacia spp. in South Africa.  By 2nd world war, 80,000 ha teak and eucalyptus in India.  By 19 31, 25000 ha in Kenya.  By 1958, 41000 ha in Sawziland ( Africa)  By 1950, Swertenia mycrophylla in Fiji.  In 1965, 4.0 million hector in China.  Between 1966-1980, 140,000 ha in Brazil.  Between 1971-1979, 28,000 ha Pinus cariba in Fiji.  Between 1966 -1980, 15000 ha Eucalyptus in Congo & 180,000 ha in Sudan.  Between 1966 – 1979, 2.8 million ha in India.  In 1980, 6million ha eucalyptus in China.  In 1980, according to FAO (1988) of 11.5 million ha plantation in tropical countries, among them 7.2 million ha for industries and 4.3 million ha for non-industrial purpose.
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  By country plantationdata up to 2000 AD Burundi: 300,000 ha Malaysia: 500,000 ha Ethiopia: 3.5 million ha Indonesia:300,000 ha India: 17 million ha Brazil: 12 million ha  China: 46.67 million ha. (20% of the world plantation)- Not included in tropical country.