Plastis

OVER VIEW:
 Introduction
 History of Plastic
Composition of plastic
 Properties of plastic
 Source of plastic
 Classification of Plastic
 Processing method
 Manufacture of plastic in Pakistan
 Advantages and disadvantages
 Uses of plastic Material in construction industry
 Conclusion
 references

Introduction:
 Plastic material is any of a wide range of synthetic or
semi synthetic organic that are mouldable.
 Plastic or Typical organic polymers of high molecular
mas, but they contain other substances.
 They are usually synthetic most commonly derived
from petrochemicals, but many are partially nature .

History of plastic:
 The first plastic was invented in 1862 by Alexander
Parkas.
 At first plastic could only be made in brown or black
(Bakelite) colour.
 In 1930, Amino plastic had been invented which could
be lots of bright colours.

Composition of Plastic:
 Most plastic contain organic polymers.
 Majority or based on chain of carbon atoms with
oxygen sulphur or nitrogen as well.
 The back bone is that part of the chain on main path
linking a large number of repeat unit together.

Properties of plastic:
 Plastic are strong , light, weight, flexible and durable.
 Plastic show superior optical properties (clarity, glass
and colour).
 Plastic can be easily moulded into a variety of shape
and sizes.
 Plastic have excellent mechanical strength tensile
properties, tear resistance and impact resistance.

Source of Plastic:
 Key points and basics:
– Plastics are either found naturally or are synthetic
man-made
– The majority of everyday plastics are synthetic
– From crude oil compounds are formed called
polymers – which is plastic

Synthetic plastics:
 Most plastics used today are man-made, known as
synthetic. The main source of synthetic plastic is
crude oil, although coal and natural gas are also
used.

The process from crude oil:
 1) During the refining of crude oil petrol, paraffin,
lubricating oil and petrol are the bi-products.
 These are then broken down into monomers.
(which is a chemical substance consisting of one
molecule)
 When 1000’s of monomers are linked together this
is called ‘Polymerization’ – the compounds formed
are called Polymers – and plastic is the common
name for Polymers!
 Most polymers (plastics) are made from combining
the element carbon with one or more other
elements such as hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine

 Natural plastics:
Plastic can be found naturally and occur in such
things as:
Plants – from which cellulose can be extracted.
 Trees – from which latex, amber and resin can be
extracted.
 Animals- from which horn and milk (used to make
glues) are obtained.
 insects – from which shellac (used to make polish)
is obtained

Natural plastics and there uses

 Classification Based on Backbone of the polymer
chain: Organic and Inorganic Polymers: A polymer
whose backbone chain is essentially made of carbon atoms
is termed as organic polymer The atoms attached to the
side valencies of the backbone carbon atoms are, however,
usually those of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, etc.The
majority of synthetic polymers are organic On the other
hand, generally chain backbone contains no carbon atom
is called inorganic polymers
Glass and silicone rubber are examples of it

 Classification Based on Composition of Polymers:
[1] Homopolymer: A polymer resulting from the
polymerization of a single monomer; a polymer consisting
substantially of a single type of repeating unit
2] Copolymer: When two different types of monomers are
joined in the same polymer chain, the polymer is called a
copolymer
Copolymerization: A heteropolymer or copolymer is a
polymer derived from two (or more) monomeric species, as
opposed to a homopolymer where only one monomer is used
Copolymerization refers to methods used to chemically
synthesize a copolymer. Commercially relevant copolymers
include ABS plastic, SBR, Nitrile rubber, styrene-
acrylonitrile, styrene-isoprene-styrene (SIS) and ethylene-
vinyl acetate

 Classification Based on Mode of Polymerisation:
Two sub groups; (a) Addition and (b) Condensation
Polymers.
Addition Polymers: The addition polymers are formed
by the
repeated addition of monomer molecules possessing
double or triple bonds, e.g., the formation of polythene
from ethene and polypropene from propene
However, the addition polymers formed by the
polymerisation of a single monomeric species are known
as homopolymer, e.g., polythene The polymers made by
addition polymerisation from two different monomers
are termed as copolymers, e.g., Buna-S, Buna-N, etc

 Condensation Polymers: The condensation polymers are
formed by repeated condensation reaction between two
different bi-functional or tri-functional monomeric units
In these polymerisation reactions, the elimination of small
molecules such as water, alcohol, hydrogen chloride, etc.
take place
The examples are terylene (dacron), nylon 6, 6, nylon 6, etc
For e.g., nylon 6, 6 is formed by the condensation of
hexamethylene diamine with adipic acid It is also possible,
with three functional groups (or two different monomers at
least one of which is tri-functional), to have long linkage
sequences in two (or three) dimensions and such polymers
are distinguished as cross linked polymers

 Classification Based on Molecular Forces:
The mechanical properties of polymersare governed by
intermolecular forces, e.g., van derWaals forces and
hydrogen bonds,present in the polymer, these forces also
bind the polymer chains Under this category, the
polymers are classified into the following groups on the
basis of magnitude of intermolecular forces present in
them, they are
(i) Elastomers
(ii) Fibers
(iii) Liquid resins
(iv) Plastics [(a) Thermoplastic and (b)
thermosetting plastic

Elastomers: These are rubber – like solids with elastic
properties
In these elastomeric polymers, the polymer chains are
random coiled structure, they are held together by the
weakest intermolecular forces , so they are highly
amorphous polymers
These weak binding forces permit the polymer to be
stretched
A few ‘crosslinks’ are introduced in between the chains,
which help the polymer to retract to its original position
after the force is released as in vulcanised rubber The
examples are buna-S, buna-N, neoprene, etc

Fibers: If drawn into long filament like material whose
length is at least 100 times its diameter, polymers are
said to have been converted into ‘fibre’
Polymeric chains are straight chain polymers, they are
held together by the strong intermolecular forces like
hydrogen bonding, these strong forces also lead to close
packing of chains and thus impart crystalline nature
Fibres are the thread forming solids which possess high
tensile strength and high modulus
Examples are polyamides (nylon 6, 6), polyesters
(terylene), etc.

Liquid Resins: Polymers used as adhesives, potting
compound sealants,etc. in a liquid form are described liquid
resins, examples are epoxy adhesives and polysulphide
sealants.
Plastics: A polymer is shaped into hard and tough utility
articles by the application of heat and pressure; it is used as a
‘plastic’
The intermolecular force between polymeric chains are
intermediate between elastomers and fibers, so they are
partially crystalline
Typical examples are polystyrene, PVC and polymethyl
methacrylate.
They are two types
(a)Thermoplastic and
(b)Thermosetting plastic

Types of plastic
 There are 2 types of plastic that is:
a) Thermoplastics
- A polymer that softens and melts gradually
when heated and it can be reshaped when
still warm.
b) Thermosets
- A polymer that can’t be reshaped after
manufacture

Thermoplastic material
 Polystyrene
 Polyvinyl chloride (pvc)
 Polyethylene
 Acrylic

 A major thermoplastic material with a very wide variety of
applications, the essential materials for polyvinyl chloride
are derived from oil and salt. The vinyl chloride monomer
(VCM) is formed by combining ethylene (obtained from
oil) with Chlorine (produced from the electrolysis of salt
water). VCM molecules are polymerized to form PVC resin,
to which appropriate additives are incorporated to make a
customized PVC compound.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
PVC pipe

Chemical Composition
The vinyl chloride molecule is C2H3Cl
Vinyl Chloride
Monomer (VCM) Polyvinyl Chloride
Polymer

Physical Properties: Value:
Tensile Strength: 2.60 N/mm2
Notched Impact Strength: 2.0 - 4.5 Kj/m2
Thermal Coefficient of Expansion: 80 x 10-6
Max. Continued Use Temperature: 60 oC (140 oF)
Melting Point: 212 oC (413 oF)
Glass Transition Temperature: 81 oC (178 oF)
Density: 1.38 g/cm3
Uses
Used in raincoats and shower curtains Extensively used in floor tiles, electric
cables, flexible sheeting, hoses, pipes, expansion joint filler, ,moldings,
luggage, decorative wall coverings
properties

By far the most popular thermoplastic commodity used in consumer
products (especially products created by rotational moulding,
polyethylene is created through the polymerization of ethylene (i.e.,
ethene
 Chemical Composition
 The ethylene molecule is C2H4 (CH2=CH2)

Polyethylene
Polyethylene Polymer
Ethylene

 MDPE (Medium Density Polyethylene) is defined by a
density range of 0.926 - 0.940 g/cm3. MDPE can be
produced by chromium/silica catalysts, Ziegler-Natta
catalysts or metallocene catalysts.
 LLDPE (Linear-Low Density Polyethylene) is defined by a
density range of 0.915 - 0.925 g/cm3. is a substantially linear
polymer, with significant numbers of short branches, commonly
made by copolymerization of ethylene with short-chain alpha-
olefins (e.g. 1-butene, 1-hexene, and 1-octene).
Types 0f Polyethylene

 LDPE (Low Density Polyethylene) is defined by a density
range of 0.910 - 0.940 g/cm3. It has a high degree of short and
long chain branching,
 HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) is defined by a density
of greater or equal to 0.941 g/cm3. HDPE has a low degree
of branching and thus stronger intermolecular forces and
tensile strength. HDPE can be produced by
chromium/silica catalysts
 Properties
LDPE Properties:
Semi-rigid, translucent, very tough, weatherproof, good
chemical resistance, low water absorption, easily processed
by most methods, low cost.

LDPE Physical Properties: Value:
Tensile Strength: 0.20 - 0.40 N/mm2
Notched Impact Strength: no break
Thermal Coefficient of Expansion: 100 - 220 x 10-6
Glass Transition Temperature: -125 oC (-193 oF)
Density: 0.910 - 0.940 g/cm3

HDPE Physical Properties: Value:
Notched Impact Strength: no break
Density: 0.941 - 0.965 g/cm3
HDPE Properties:
Flexible, translucent/waxy, weatherproof, good low
temperature toughness (to -60'C), easy to process by most
methods, low cost, good chemical resistance.

 A thermoplastic polymer, polypropylene (also called polypropene) has
properties between that of LDPE and HDPE and is one of the most versatile
polymers available.
 Polypropene,PP
 The symbol for polypropylene developed by the Society of the Plastics Industry so that
items can be labeled for easy recycling is
Polypropylene

Glass Transition Temp. (atactic): -20 oC (-4 oF)
Glass Transition Temp. (isotactic): 100 oC (212 oF)
Density: 0.905 g/cm3
Properties
Semi-rigid, translucent, good chemical resistance, tough, good
fatigue resistance, integral hinge property, good heat resistance.

 The term "nylons" refers to the group of plastics known as polyamides.
Nylon is used in the production of film and fiber, but is also available as a
moulding compound.
 There are many types of nylon available (e.g. nylon 6, nylon 66, nylon 6/6-
6, nylon 6/9, nylon 6/10, nylon 6/12, nylon 11, nylon 12). The material is
available as a homopolymer, co-polymer or reinforced. Nylons may also be
blended with other engineering plastics to improve certain aspects of
performance. Nylon is well suited for processing via injection moulding,
rotational moulding, casting or extrusion into film or fiber.
Nylons

Its properties are determined by the R and R' groups in the monomers.
In nylon 6,6, R' = 6C and R = 4C alkanes, but one also has to include the
two carboxyl carbons in the diacid to get the number it donates to the
chain.

Tensile Strength: 90 - 185 N/mm2
Thermal Coefficient of Expansion: 80 x 10-6
Max. Continued Use Temperature: 150 - 185 oC (302 - 365 oF)
Melting Point: 190 - 350 oC (374 - 662 oF)
Glass Transition Temp. (Nylon 66): 45 oC (113 oF)
Density: 1.13 - 1.35 g/cm3
Properties
The majority of nylons tend to be semi-crystalline and are generally very tough
materials with good thermal and chemical resistance. Nylons can be used in
high temperature environments. Heat stabilized systems allow sustained
performance at temperatures up to 185oC.

Thermosetting Polymer?
 Thermosetting polymers have their chains cross linked by
covalent bonds. The starting materials are placed into
a mould to form the desired shape. The polymer is then
heated (or initiated with uv light) and chemical reactions
occur to form the cross links between the chains.
The resulting three dimensional solid
structure cannot then be
changed. Further heating will not cause
the polymer to soften,
melt or change shape (unlike thermosoftening polymers).

Manufacturing process of
plastic:
 Different process method of plastic:
1. Extrusion Molding
2.Injection Molding
3. Blow Molding

Extrusion Moulding:
 Extrusion is a manufacturing process used to make pipes,
hoses, drinking straws, curtain tracks, rods, and fibre. The
granules melt into a liquid which is forced through a die,
forming a long 'tube like' shape.
 The shape of the die determines the shape of the tube.
 The extrusion is then cooled and forms a solid shape

Injection Moulding:
 The injection moulding process requires the use of an
injection moulding machine, raw plastic material, and
a mould.
 The plastic is melted in the injection moulding
machine and then injected into the mould, where it
cools and solidifies into the final part.

Blow Moulding:
 Blow moulding is the manufacturing process similer to
the Injection moulding.
 Hollow plastic patrts are formed through the use of
blow moulding.

Main differences between Injection
moulding and blow moulding:
 Injection Moulding
 Make solid parts.
 Thermoplastic is injected
into mould.
 A part thickness is
influenced by the mould
and core relation.
 90% of the time is spent on
the jobs is needed for
making the mould.
 Blow Moulding
 Makes hollow parts.
 Thermoplastic is a sheet/
Persian that is pushed into
a mould by air.
 A parts thickness will differ
from place to place.
 50% of the time is spent on
the jobs is needed for
making the mould.

Top Plastic Raw Material Manufacturers of
Pakistan
 Let’s talk about companies in Pakistan, who are
manufacturing different kinds of Plastic Raw Material
 Gatronova – Manufacturer of Polyethylene terephthalate
(PET)
 Pak Petrochemical Industries (Pvt.) Ltd. – Manufacturer of
Polystyrene (PS
 Engro Polymers and Chemicals Limited – Manufacturer of
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

Table 7: Resins Manufacturers and their Production Capacity in
Pakistan
Company Product Capacity (Tons)
Novaltex PET 235,000
Engro Polymer and Chemicals
Ltd.
PVC 150,000
Pak Petrochemicals Industries
Ltd.
HIPS & PS 90,000
Dynea Pakistan Ltd. Urea & Melamine
Formaldehyde
34,000

Environmental Issues of Disposal
waste plastic:
.

Advantage and Disadvantage of Plastic
Advantages
1, They are light in weight.
2.They are strong, good and cheap to produce.
3.They are unbreakable.
4.Used to makes-water bottles, pens, plastic bags, cups etc.
5.They are good water resistance and have adhesive properties.
6.They can be easily moulded and have a excellent finishing.
7.Plastic is used for building, construction, electronics, packaging, and transportation
industries.
8.They are odourless.

Disadvantage
1.They are non renewable resources.
2.They produce toxic fumes when it brunt.
3.Thet are low heat resistant and poor ductility.
4.They are non biodegradable.
5.The poisonous gaseous product produced by the decomposition of plastic can
causes cancer.
6.Plastic materials like plastic bags are mostly end up as harmful waste in landfill
which may pollute the environments and threating our health.

Uses of plastic material in the construction
industry:
Typically, construction professional select plastic material based
on the flowing Criteria:
1. Durability.
Many plastic material are as a strong, as if not stronger than
certain metals. Plastic hardware is also frequently corrosion resistant,
allowing it to survive outside in inclement weather indefinitely.
2. Cost effectiveness.
As is the case most industries these days, cost is important factor
in any Construction project. Many plastic material are very economical.
3. Recycling.
Unlike metals, some plastic can be recycle without losing any
chemical properties and hence can be used over and over again.

4. Energy saving.
Plastic consumes less heat than metals. The insulating effect of
some plastics can also decrease sound pollution level.
5. Safety.
Plastic material are typically much lighter than metals.
The lightness of the material makes it easier to carry and lift
into place.
6. Easy to install.
A while back we posted about an FRP bridge that was
installed Just few days. The lightweight of plastic materials allow for quick
and easy installation.

Use of Plastics in Different Aspects of the
Construction Industry:
> Roofing
>Flooring
>Insulation
>Wall
>Window
>Doors

Flooring
Plastic materials like polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethylene are used to make flooring
less prone to wear and tear. It also decreases the sound pollution level and can be cleaned
easily.
Roofing
To protect the outer surface of the roof from damage, two layers of different plastic
materials are required. The upper part is made of colored thermoplastic olefin or vinyl
while the lower part consists of polyurethane foam which consumes less energy and keeps
the interior of a house cooler.
Insulation
Polyurethane spray plastic materials frequently used for insulation when constructing
green or low energy buildings. Rigid polyurethane foam is known for its high thermal
resistance which promotes temperature consistency.
Wall
A structural insulated panel (SIP) is a sandwich of expanded polystyrene amidst two slim
layers of oriented strand board. This type of pre-fab, composite wall board can be
transferred to the work place easily for a particular task and provide good support to
columns and other associated essentials during renovation

Pipes
Commonly made up of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), CPVC, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
(ABS) or polyethylene, plastic pipes are flexible and very light in weight, making them
easy to install. All of these plastic materials are also highly chemical and water resistant,
making them suitable for many extreme environments.
Windows
Polycarbonate is used to manufacture building windows. This plastic material is strong,
clear and very light in weight. Polycarbonate windows are considered more burglar-proof
than regular glass windows. Two plastics materials, vinyl and fiberglass, are used
commonly in the production of window frames. Fiberglass is extremely strong while vinyl
is quite durable and also inexpensive.
Doors
Some construction projects use doors made from a stiff polyurethane foam core with a
fiber reinforced plastic (FRP) coating. The sandwich structure of these doors makes them
incredibly strong.

conclusion
 Plastic is an important material part of industries in
global most of the products are made from plastic like
bottles, and packaging, from that many of plastic
product had thrown everywhere after used and make
our global become polluted it will be effect the habitat
life and environmental healthiest our global so people
should use 3 R concepts as their motto to reduce this
problems.

Plastis

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