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Poetry:From ancient to contemporary

The document provides an overview of the evolution of poetry from the Middle Ages to the Victorian era, detailing significant poets, their contributions, and the characteristics of various poetic forms and movements such as romanticism and modernism. It highlights notable works like 'The Canterbury Tales' and 'The Faerie Queene', as well as the influence of Chaucer and Elizabethan poetry. Additionally, it touches upon the thematic shifts and styles of poets across different periods, including the Puritan and Restoration ages, the Neoclassical and Romantic movements.

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POETRY HEMA GOSWAMI VISITING FACULTY AT MAHARANI SHREE NANDKUNVARBA MAHILA ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE GSET QUALIFIED (2018)
•Poetry is a vast term which includes various forms, features and elements •Element of poetry: Rhythm, Rhyme, Stanza, Imagery, Diction etc •Kinds of Poetry: Narrative, Dramatic and Lyrical Poetry •Forms of Poetry: Sonnet, Ode, Epic, Elegy, Ballad etc •Beowulf: Older example of long narrative heroic poetry and deals with the adventures of brave Warrior (8th century) •Chaucer: Father of English Poetry POETRY
STAGES OFPOETRYIN DIFFERENT PERIODS •The Middle Ages: Religious and romantic in nature, eg- Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (romantic theme of honor and chivalry), Piers Plowman by William Langland (Religious) •Renaissance Effect: began experimenting with new style of writing -Thomas Wyatt wrote sonnets with fourteen rhyming lines -Thomas Campion wrote songs with poetry sets to music -Edmund Spenser returned to the old heroic style with The Faerie Queen -John Donne, a metaphysical poet wrote intelligent poetry by exploring the theme of love and death through metaphors
CONTINUED.. •The Romantic: Golden age of English Poetry in which creative expression was given absolute importance -Lord Byron wrote Don Juan and Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage -John Keats wrote beautiful love poems -William Wordsworth wrote a lot of poetry of nature -Samuel Coleridge wrote complex and captivating poems -Percy Shelley wrote poetry influenced by classical mythology •The Victorian: They followed the romantic poets -Alfred Tennyson, poet laureate wrote lyrical poems -Elizabeth Barrett Browning wrote religious poetry -William Butler Yeats wrote poems full of symbolism and beautiful imagery •Modern Age: 20th century saw the birth of modernist movement -TS Eliot wrote shockingly original poems -Ezra Pound concerned with the clarity and precision -Dylan Thomas poems known for their unique imagery and use of words and rhythm
Pre-ChaucerianorAngloNormanPeriod •Pearl Poet’s Pearl, Patience, Cleanness •Sir Gawain and the Green Knight •Piers Plowman by Langland •Confessio Amantis by Gower •Romance was the most popular narrative genre deals with the stories of King Arthur, The War of Troy, The Mythical doing of Alexander and,Charlemagne •Chronicles and moral literature is also the principal genre 5
Phillippe De Thaun • He is known for two poems: • 1. Livre Des Creatures(treatise on astronomy), • 2. Bestiare (book of natural history containing descriptions of various animals along with brief moralisations Benoit De Sainte Maur • He was 12th century French Poet • His ‘Roman De Troie’ (The Romance of Troy) was a source for later work by Chaucer, ‘Troilus and Criseyde’ • His long verse ‘Chronique Des ducs de Normandie’ (It begins with the creation of the world and ends with the death of Henry I) 6
ANGLONORMANPOETRY CURSOR MUNDI 7 - Anonymous Middle English poem containing 30,000 lines -It begins with Prologue -The poet tell about the Old and New Law, The Trinity, The Fall of the Angels, of Adam, Abraham, then of Christ’s coming
THEAGEOFCHAUCER(1340-1400) 8 • Important Events: The Hundred Years’ Wars(The Edwardian, Caroline and Lancastrian War), The Black Death,The Peasants Revolt •Important poets: Chaucer, William Langland (Piers Plowman), John Gower (Confessio Amantis), John Wycliffe: The morning star of the reformation (his followers known as ‘The Lollards’
• The ‘Pearl poet’ or the ‘Gawain Poet is the name given to author of Pearl • Symbolism of Pear- Everyone takes his own meaning from Pearl and reads his own life into it, means it’s symbol varies with different readers. For most characters it simply brings out greed and ambition • Other poems: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Patience, Cleanness 9 ThePearlPoet
GeoffreyChaucer •In 1369, Chaucer was asked to compose his first Poem “The Book of the Duchess” by John of Gaunt for his deseased wife Blanche. •Other works: The Parliament of Fowls, The Legend of Good Women and Troilus and Creseide •It was at the fag end of his life that Chaucer composed ‘The Canterburry Tales’. A collection of 24 tales narrated by 29 Pilgrims 10
THECANTERBURYTALES 11 - This poem is a collection of stories narrated by 29 Pilgrims on their way to the Shrine of Martyr Saint Thomas in Canterbury -All the Pilgrims gathered at Tabard Inn where Harry Bailly is the host. He suggest a story telling contest and himself becomes the judge. - The Pilgrims who are narrating the story represent all sections of society from gentry to humble craftsmen -There are respectable people from the various classes such as The Knight, The Parson, The Yeomen, The Monk, The Merchant, The Friar, The Wife of Bath etc
THEWIFE OFBATH’S PROLOGUEANDTALE:AN ARTHURIANROMANCE 12 • The wife of Bath begins her lengthy prologue by announcing that she has always followed the rule of experience rather than authority •Having already five husband, she has experience enough to make her an expert •She prefers the biblical command to go forth and multiply •She has been married five times and already waiting for her 6th husband •The first three were old and rich, they died. Her fourth husband was young but he had a mistress. •Jankin was her fifth and most favorite husband •The wife of Bath uses the prologue to explain that experience is always better than authority and women most desire is complete control (sovereignty) over their husband •The wife feels that she can speak with authority from this experience and tells how she got upper hand with each of her husbands.
The Age of Revival • Poetry is the important form of writing in this age • English Chaucerian and Scottish Chaucerian poets influenced by Chaucer made significant contribution • Wyatt and Surrey introduced the Sonnet Competitor 13
The Pastoral •Pastoral mode for satire of court and urban life •Alexander Barclay was the first to use this mode Allegory •Chaucer’s allegorical poetry was imitated by the English and Scottish Chaucerians • Eg- William Dunbar’s The Golden Targe, Stephen Hawes’ Example of Virtue, Lydgate’s Temple of Glas Ballads •Ballads are narrative poems with folk origin •It deals with a man or a deed not with a poet’s thought or feeling •Eg- Lamkin, The Wife of Usher’s Well, Chevy Chase, Lord Randal Satire • Works of Alexander Barclay and John Skelelton reflects satirist’s outrage •Eg- Barclay’s Ship of fools, Skeleton’s Bowge of court, Dunbar’s The dance of the Seven Deadly sins Didacticism 14
English Chaucerian •Group of 15th 16th century poets •Thomas Hoccleve:- Letter of Cupid, La Male Regle (autobiographical poem), The Regiment of Princes (written for future king Henry V etc •John Lydgate: The Troy of Book, The Siege of Thebes, The Falle of Princis etc Scottish Chaucerian • They differed in tone style and subject matter from English Chaucerian •Robert Henryson:- The Morall fabillis of Esope the Phyrogian, The Testament of Cresseid etc •William Dunbar(Chaucer of Scotland):- The Thrissil and the Rois, Lament for the makers etc New Court Poets • these poets are appointed as an officer of the royal household •Thomas Wyatt (Pioneer of new English Poetry):- Whose List To Hunt, The Court of Venus •Henry Howard (Earl of Surrey):- he was the first English poet to publish in Blank Verse, His Sonnet- Love that Doth Reign (a translation of Petrarchan Sonnet) 15
THE ELIZABETHAN POETRY •During this period the writing of poetry was the part of education among the educated people •Sir Philip Sidney was the finest lyricist. •Lyric was the important genre in Elizabethan Age •Lyrical poems are short poems about personal, romantic topics •The Faerie Queen by Spenser is the only one long Elizabethan Lyric Poem with high rank •Other example of lyrical poems: The Paradise of Dainty Devices, The Phoenix Nest, The Passionate Pilgrim etc
ELIZABETHAN SONNETS 17 • Elizabethan sonnets were of two types: Italian or Petrarchan and Shakespearean Sonnet and apart from them other were Spenserian Sonnet •Petrarchan Sonnet form was brought in England by Sir Thomas Wyatt
-TheFaerieQueen •Edmund Spenser offered his most famous work The Faerie Queen to Queen Elizabeth to gain her favour. • It is an incomplete epic allegorical poem •His model for the book was Ariosto’s Orlando Furioso •It tells the story of several knights, each representing a particular virtues like Holiness(Red Cross Knight), Temperance(Sir Guyon), Chastity(Virgin Britomart), friendship (Cambel and Telamond), courtesy (Sir Calidare) •They are on their quest for the Faerie Queen, Gloriana Edmund Spenser -The Shpheard’s Calendar • His first publicaly released poetic work ‘The Shepheard’s Calendar was dedicated to Philip Sydney. • It consist of short poems ususally cast as Pastoral Dialogues • It’s twelve eclogues correspond to twelve months of English Calendar 18
ShakespeareanPoetry •His five poems known to us are: Venus and Adonis, Rape of lucrece, Passionate Pilgrim, Phoenix and the Turtle and The Lover’s Complaint • The story of Venus and Adonis is taken from Ovid’s metamorphosis •It describes the unsuccessful seduction of a handsome young man Adonis by Venus, the Goddess of Love •Venus failed to win him with her charm and at the end Adonis was killed by wild boar •His body melts away leaving behind a flower, which Venus then wears in her bossom • Astrophel and Stella • It was a sonnet published in 1591 • It consists of 108 sonnets and 11 songs • Astrophel means star lover and Stella means Star • Sidney’s Stella was Penelope Devereux • It inspired a spate of sonnets such as Greville’s Caelia, Samuel Daniel’s Delia and Drayton’s Idea 19
THE PURITAN AND RESTORATION AGEPOETRY 20 • The Puritan poetry mainly focused on religious and devotion to God •The Restoration Age poetry witnessed the introduction of heroic couplets by John Dryden
Spenserian Poets •Phineas Fletcher : The Purple Island (an allegorical description of man) dedicated to his friend Edward Benlowes •Giles Fletcher: Christs Victorie and Triumph in Heaven and Earth over and after death, An Elelgy upon Prince Henry’s Death Cavalier Poets •These poets were called as ‘cavaliers’ because of their loyalty and support for Charles I and they use direct and colloquial language •Robert Herrick: Noble Numbers ( a group of religious poems) is included in his main work Hesperides Metaphysical Poets • This term applied to a group of 17th Century Poets such as John Donne, Andrew Marvell, Henry Vaughan etc •These poets were united by common characterization of wit, inventiveness, intellectual complexity •John Dryden was the first to use the this term in his criticism of Donne 21
AValediction:Forbidding Mourning As virtuous men pass mildly away, And whisper to their souls,to go, Whilst some of their sad friends do say, ‘The breath goes now,’ and some say, ‘No’ • Jesus Cora Alonso divided Donne’s poetry into three main groups: - Satire and Cynically anti-petrarchan love poems - Sincere, deeply-felt neoplatonic amatory poems and Philosophical complimentary verses to influential female friends - Devotional Poems 22
Edmund Waller -Go lovely Rose, On a Girdle, Divine Poems William Davenant -Madagascar and other poems (collection of Lyrical Verses) Abraham Cowley -Poetical Blossoms, The MistressDavideis (An unfinished Epic) John Milton -Lycidas (an Elegy dedicated to his friend Edward King), L’Allergo, II Penseroso 23
RestorationAge •The Poetry of this age was formal, intellectual, satirical, realistic and written in Heroic Couplet •Dryden is the dominanting Figure of this age Political Satires • Absalom and Achitophel •The Medal Doctrinal Poems • Religio Laici •The Hind and the Panther The Fables • The Palamon and Arcite 24
NEOCLASSICAL/ AUGUSTANAGE 25 •The term ‘Augustan Age’ comes from the imitation of the Original Augustan Writers, Virgil, Horace, and many other. • The leading poet include Thomas Gray, George Crabbe, Christopher Smart, Robert Burns and Oliver Goldsmith •The poetry of this age is mainly about supernatural form, rural life, external nature, human emotions.
Graveyard Poetry • Graveyard school of poets refers to a group of 18th century poets whose work dealt with the themes of death, sorrow and morality • Eg- Thomas Parnell’s A night Piece on death, Robert Blair’s The Grave, Edward Young’s The Night Thought and Thomas Gray’s Elegy written in a Country Churchyard Pindaric Ode • Pindaric was a term for a class of loose and irregular odes and was named after a Greek Poet ‘Pindar’ • Eg- Thomas Gray’s The Progress of Poesy, Ben Johnson’s ‘The Turn’ Horatian Ode • Horatian ode is a short lyric poem written in stanza of two and four named after Latin Poet ‘Horace’ • Horace’s odes are intimate and reflective; addressed to a friend. • Jonathan Swift and Samuel Johnson revived the horatian Spirit. 26
Alexander Pope •His well known mock-heroic epic The Rape of the Lock was first published in 1712 •It was based on a family quarrel between the Petres and Fermors when the 7th Lord Petre cut off a lock of miss Arabella Fermor’s hair •He founded literary club “Scriblerus Club” along with Jonathan Swift, John Gay, John Arbuthnot and Thomas Parnell •He translated Homer’s The Iliad (1720) and The Odyssey Dr Samuel Johnson •He translated Pope’s Messiah in Latin, Father Jeronumo Lobo’s Account of Abyssinia •His major poem ‘London’- Imitation of the Third Satire of Juvenal Robert Burns •His first published work of poetry was “Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect” in 1786. This is also known as Burn’s Kilmarnock volume •Kilmarnock volume was a mixture of several scots poems such as The Twa Dogs, Scotch Drink, The Holy Fair etc •His other poem “Tam O’s Shelter” depicted Tam’s escape from witches based on folk legend 27
28 • The German Poet Friedrich Schegel is given credit for using the term ‘romantic’ to describe literature for the first time •Poetry was the dominant Genre in Romantic Age •The Romantic Poets such as William Wordsworth and Coleridge turned to the nature and recorded it’s beauty •The poet of this age preferred poetry that spoke of personal experiences in simple language
William Blake • He was the first generation Romantic Poet • The first generation writings were inspired by the Battle of Bastille and the French Revolution • Blake’s Song of Innocence consisting of 19 poems was first published in 1789 • This was followed by Song of Experience in 1794 containing 26 poems • According to Blake, these songs showed ‘The Two Contrary States of the Human Soul” • The innocent world of childhood is juxtaposed against an adult world of corruption • Blake’s prophetic prose poem ‘The Marriage of Heaven and Hell’ was begun in1790 and it’s title is an ironic reference to Swedenborg’s theological work, Heaven and Hell Lord Byron • He was the second generation Romantic Poet • The Second generation writings started after the end of the war and the poets of this generation died at very young age • Byron’s love for his cousin Mary Chaworth found expression in several poems, ‘Hills of Annesley’ and ‘The Adieu’ • His first collection of poetry ‘Hours of Idleness’ appeared in 1807 and it was attacked by Henry Brougham in the Edinburgh Review. • Byron replied to it with his publication ‘English Bards and Scotch Reviewers’ • His poetic travelogue of pictureque land ‘Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage’ 29
30 • The Victorian poetry witnessed varied forms like realism, pessimism, morality, sentimentality, humor, a sense of responsibility, dramatic monologue, advancement of science •It can be divided into high Victorian Poetry and the Pre-Raphaelite Poetry •Tennyson, Robert Browning, Matthew Arnold and DG Rossetti were a few important poet of the age
That’s my Last Duchess painted on the wall, Looking as if she were alive. I call That piece a wonder, now: Fr Pandolf’s hands Worked busily a day and there she stands. Will’t please you sit and look at her? I said • Robert Browning was considered as the master of Dramatic monologue • His most famous Dramatic Monologue poems ‘My Last Duchess’ and ‘Porphyria’s Lover • In ‘My Last Duchess’ the Duke is negotiating for a second wife. Even though it is the Duke who is talking about his last wife and revealed himself as an emotionally cold, calculating, materialistic and haughty man • In ‘Porphyria’a Lover’, the speaker describes the act of murdering the woman he loved and the speaker reveals himself as a jealous, possesive and psychopath lover 31
The blessed damozel leaned out From the gold bar of Heaven; Her eyes were deeper than the depth Of waters stilled at even; She had three lilies in her hand, And the stars in her hair were seven • He was the Pre-Raphaelite Poet • His most well known poem is ‘The Blessed Damozel’ • It narrates the story of a young woman, who dies unexpectedly at a very young age. She longs for the love of her Earthly Companion • The poem unites the physical and the spiritual, and the illustrates Rossetti’s belief in human love beingone of life’s greatest values 32
33 •Modernist Poetry commenced with the appearance of the imagists besides maintaining the previous trends. WB yeast and TS Eliot were main modernist poets •Contemporary poetry was often written in free verse inviting reader to interpret the poem. Ted Hughes and Philip Larkin were the important poets of this era •American Poetry sometimes borrowed from classical models and sometimes from realism. The period from 1820s and 1860s is known as the Romantic period of American Literature.
With beauty like a tightened bow, a kind That is not natural in an age like this, Being high and solitary and most stern? Why, what could she have done, e, being what she is? Was there another Troy for her to burn? -No Second Troy • Yeats was an Irish poet and playwright • He founded the Abbey Theatre in 1904 • His most famous work include ‘The Tower’, ‘The Winding Stair and Other Poems’, ‘Easter 1916’ and ‘The Second Coming’ • The most significant influence on Yeats’ life and Poetry was a beautiful woman ‘Maud Gonne’ • He describes Maud Gonne’s beauty as an exceptional and destructive, similar to Helen of Troy 34
Do not go gentle into that good night, Old age should burn and rave at close of day; Rage, rage against the dying of the light. Though Wise men at their end knoew dark is right, Because their words had forked no lightning They Do not go gentle into that good night • His first collection of poems was published in 1934 • His most famous poem ‘Do not go Gentle into that Good Night’ was published in 1952 • His other poems: 18 poems, Twenty Five Poems, Our Eunuch dreams, I see the boys of summer 35
I am silver and exact, I have no preconceptions Whatever I see I swallow immediately Just as it is, unmisted by love or dislike, I am not Cruel, only truthful The eye of a little God, four cornered. -Mirror • Plath got name and fame as a professional poet and writer • Following a long struggle with depression and a marital separation, she committed suicide on 11th February 1963 • She is famous for her two collections, ‘The Colossus and other poems’ and ‘Ariel’ • She became the first poet to win Pulitzer Prize after death for the collected poems 36
Conclusion Therefore Poetry is a form of writing that uses not only words, but also form, patterns of sound, imagery and figurative language to convey the message. The theme differs according to different ages and their social, political and religious background.
38

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Poetry:From ancient to contemporary

  • 1.
    POETRY HEMA GOSWAMI VISITING FACULTYAT MAHARANI SHREE NANDKUNVARBA MAHILA ARTS AND COMMERCE COLLEGE GSET QUALIFIED (2018)
  • 2.
    •Poetry is avast term which includes various forms, features and elements •Element of poetry: Rhythm, Rhyme, Stanza, Imagery, Diction etc •Kinds of Poetry: Narrative, Dramatic and Lyrical Poetry •Forms of Poetry: Sonnet, Ode, Epic, Elegy, Ballad etc •Beowulf: Older example of long narrative heroic poetry and deals with the adventures of brave Warrior (8th century) •Chaucer: Father of English Poetry POETRY
  • 3.
    STAGES OFPOETRYIN DIFFERENT PERIODS •TheMiddle Ages: Religious and romantic in nature, eg- Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (romantic theme of honor and chivalry), Piers Plowman by William Langland (Religious) •Renaissance Effect: began experimenting with new style of writing -Thomas Wyatt wrote sonnets with fourteen rhyming lines -Thomas Campion wrote songs with poetry sets to music -Edmund Spenser returned to the old heroic style with The Faerie Queen -John Donne, a metaphysical poet wrote intelligent poetry by exploring the theme of love and death through metaphors
  • 4.
    CONTINUED.. •The Romantic: Goldenage of English Poetry in which creative expression was given absolute importance -Lord Byron wrote Don Juan and Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage -John Keats wrote beautiful love poems -William Wordsworth wrote a lot of poetry of nature -Samuel Coleridge wrote complex and captivating poems -Percy Shelley wrote poetry influenced by classical mythology •The Victorian: They followed the romantic poets -Alfred Tennyson, poet laureate wrote lyrical poems -Elizabeth Barrett Browning wrote religious poetry -William Butler Yeats wrote poems full of symbolism and beautiful imagery •Modern Age: 20th century saw the birth of modernist movement -TS Eliot wrote shockingly original poems -Ezra Pound concerned with the clarity and precision -Dylan Thomas poems known for their unique imagery and use of words and rhythm
  • 5.
    Pre-ChaucerianorAngloNormanPeriod •Pearl Poet’s Pearl,Patience, Cleanness •Sir Gawain and the Green Knight •Piers Plowman by Langland •Confessio Amantis by Gower •Romance was the most popular narrative genre deals with the stories of King Arthur, The War of Troy, The Mythical doing of Alexander and,Charlemagne •Chronicles and moral literature is also the principal genre 5
  • 6.
    Phillippe De Thaun •He is known for two poems: • 1. Livre Des Creatures(treatise on astronomy), • 2. Bestiare (book of natural history containing descriptions of various animals along with brief moralisations Benoit De Sainte Maur • He was 12th century French Poet • His ‘Roman De Troie’ (The Romance of Troy) was a source for later work by Chaucer, ‘Troilus and Criseyde’ • His long verse ‘Chronique Des ducs de Normandie’ (It begins with the creation of the world and ends with the death of Henry I) 6
  • 7.
    ANGLONORMANPOETRY CURSOR MUNDI 7 - AnonymousMiddle English poem containing 30,000 lines -It begins with Prologue -The poet tell about the Old and New Law, The Trinity, The Fall of the Angels, of Adam, Abraham, then of Christ’s coming
  • 8.
    THEAGEOFCHAUCER(1340-1400) 8 • Important Events:The Hundred Years’ Wars(The Edwardian, Caroline and Lancastrian War), The Black Death,The Peasants Revolt •Important poets: Chaucer, William Langland (Piers Plowman), John Gower (Confessio Amantis), John Wycliffe: The morning star of the reformation (his followers known as ‘The Lollards’
  • 9.
    • The ‘Pearlpoet’ or the ‘Gawain Poet is the name given to author of Pearl • Symbolism of Pear- Everyone takes his own meaning from Pearl and reads his own life into it, means it’s symbol varies with different readers. For most characters it simply brings out greed and ambition • Other poems: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Patience, Cleanness 9 ThePearlPoet
  • 10.
    GeoffreyChaucer •In 1369, Chaucerwas asked to compose his first Poem “The Book of the Duchess” by John of Gaunt for his deseased wife Blanche. •Other works: The Parliament of Fowls, The Legend of Good Women and Troilus and Creseide •It was at the fag end of his life that Chaucer composed ‘The Canterburry Tales’. A collection of 24 tales narrated by 29 Pilgrims 10
  • 11.
    THECANTERBURYTALES 11 - This poemis a collection of stories narrated by 29 Pilgrims on their way to the Shrine of Martyr Saint Thomas in Canterbury -All the Pilgrims gathered at Tabard Inn where Harry Bailly is the host. He suggest a story telling contest and himself becomes the judge. - The Pilgrims who are narrating the story represent all sections of society from gentry to humble craftsmen -There are respectable people from the various classes such as The Knight, The Parson, The Yeomen, The Monk, The Merchant, The Friar, The Wife of Bath etc
  • 12.
    THEWIFE OFBATH’S PROLOGUEANDTALE:AN ARTHURIANROMANCE 12 •The wife of Bath begins her lengthy prologue by announcing that she has always followed the rule of experience rather than authority •Having already five husband, she has experience enough to make her an expert •She prefers the biblical command to go forth and multiply •She has been married five times and already waiting for her 6th husband •The first three were old and rich, they died. Her fourth husband was young but he had a mistress. •Jankin was her fifth and most favorite husband •The wife of Bath uses the prologue to explain that experience is always better than authority and women most desire is complete control (sovereignty) over their husband •The wife feels that she can speak with authority from this experience and tells how she got upper hand with each of her husbands.
  • 13.
    The Age ofRevival • Poetry is the important form of writing in this age • English Chaucerian and Scottish Chaucerian poets influenced by Chaucer made significant contribution • Wyatt and Surrey introduced the Sonnet Competitor 13
  • 14.
    The Pastoral •Pastoral modefor satire of court and urban life •Alexander Barclay was the first to use this mode Allegory •Chaucer’s allegorical poetry was imitated by the English and Scottish Chaucerians • Eg- William Dunbar’s The Golden Targe, Stephen Hawes’ Example of Virtue, Lydgate’s Temple of Glas Ballads •Ballads are narrative poems with folk origin •It deals with a man or a deed not with a poet’s thought or feeling •Eg- Lamkin, The Wife of Usher’s Well, Chevy Chase, Lord Randal Satire • Works of Alexander Barclay and John Skelelton reflects satirist’s outrage •Eg- Barclay’s Ship of fools, Skeleton’s Bowge of court, Dunbar’s The dance of the Seven Deadly sins Didacticism 14
  • 15.
    English Chaucerian •Group of 15th16th century poets •Thomas Hoccleve:- Letter of Cupid, La Male Regle (autobiographical poem), The Regiment of Princes (written for future king Henry V etc •John Lydgate: The Troy of Book, The Siege of Thebes, The Falle of Princis etc Scottish Chaucerian • They differed in tone style and subject matter from English Chaucerian •Robert Henryson:- The Morall fabillis of Esope the Phyrogian, The Testament of Cresseid etc •William Dunbar(Chaucer of Scotland):- The Thrissil and the Rois, Lament for the makers etc New Court Poets • these poets are appointed as an officer of the royal household •Thomas Wyatt (Pioneer of new English Poetry):- Whose List To Hunt, The Court of Venus •Henry Howard (Earl of Surrey):- he was the first English poet to publish in Blank Verse, His Sonnet- Love that Doth Reign (a translation of Petrarchan Sonnet) 15
  • 16.
    THE ELIZABETHAN POETRY •Duringthis period the writing of poetry was the part of education among the educated people •Sir Philip Sidney was the finest lyricist. •Lyric was the important genre in Elizabethan Age •Lyrical poems are short poems about personal, romantic topics •The Faerie Queen by Spenser is the only one long Elizabethan Lyric Poem with high rank •Other example of lyrical poems: The Paradise of Dainty Devices, The Phoenix Nest, The Passionate Pilgrim etc
  • 17.
    ELIZABETHAN SONNETS 17 • Elizabethan sonnetswere of two types: Italian or Petrarchan and Shakespearean Sonnet and apart from them other were Spenserian Sonnet •Petrarchan Sonnet form was brought in England by Sir Thomas Wyatt
  • 18.
    -TheFaerieQueen •Edmund Spenser offeredhis most famous work The Faerie Queen to Queen Elizabeth to gain her favour. • It is an incomplete epic allegorical poem •His model for the book was Ariosto’s Orlando Furioso •It tells the story of several knights, each representing a particular virtues like Holiness(Red Cross Knight), Temperance(Sir Guyon), Chastity(Virgin Britomart), friendship (Cambel and Telamond), courtesy (Sir Calidare) •They are on their quest for the Faerie Queen, Gloriana Edmund Spenser -The Shpheard’s Calendar • His first publicaly released poetic work ‘The Shepheard’s Calendar was dedicated to Philip Sydney. • It consist of short poems ususally cast as Pastoral Dialogues • It’s twelve eclogues correspond to twelve months of English Calendar 18
  • 19.
    ShakespeareanPoetry •His five poemsknown to us are: Venus and Adonis, Rape of lucrece, Passionate Pilgrim, Phoenix and the Turtle and The Lover’s Complaint • The story of Venus and Adonis is taken from Ovid’s metamorphosis •It describes the unsuccessful seduction of a handsome young man Adonis by Venus, the Goddess of Love •Venus failed to win him with her charm and at the end Adonis was killed by wild boar •His body melts away leaving behind a flower, which Venus then wears in her bossom • Astrophel and Stella • It was a sonnet published in 1591 • It consists of 108 sonnets and 11 songs • Astrophel means star lover and Stella means Star • Sidney’s Stella was Penelope Devereux • It inspired a spate of sonnets such as Greville’s Caelia, Samuel Daniel’s Delia and Drayton’s Idea 19
  • 20.
    THE PURITAN ANDRESTORATION AGEPOETRY 20 • The Puritan poetry mainly focused on religious and devotion to God •The Restoration Age poetry witnessed the introduction of heroic couplets by John Dryden
  • 21.
    Spenserian Poets •Phineas Fletcher: The Purple Island (an allegorical description of man) dedicated to his friend Edward Benlowes •Giles Fletcher: Christs Victorie and Triumph in Heaven and Earth over and after death, An Elelgy upon Prince Henry’s Death Cavalier Poets •These poets were called as ‘cavaliers’ because of their loyalty and support for Charles I and they use direct and colloquial language •Robert Herrick: Noble Numbers ( a group of religious poems) is included in his main work Hesperides Metaphysical Poets • This term applied to a group of 17th Century Poets such as John Donne, Andrew Marvell, Henry Vaughan etc •These poets were united by common characterization of wit, inventiveness, intellectual complexity •John Dryden was the first to use the this term in his criticism of Donne 21
  • 22.
    AValediction:Forbidding Mourning As virtuous menpass mildly away, And whisper to their souls,to go, Whilst some of their sad friends do say, ‘The breath goes now,’ and some say, ‘No’ • Jesus Cora Alonso divided Donne’s poetry into three main groups: - Satire and Cynically anti-petrarchan love poems - Sincere, deeply-felt neoplatonic amatory poems and Philosophical complimentary verses to influential female friends - Devotional Poems 22
  • 23.
    Edmund Waller -Go lovely Rose,On a Girdle, Divine Poems William Davenant -Madagascar and other poems (collection of Lyrical Verses) Abraham Cowley -Poetical Blossoms, The MistressDavideis (An unfinished Epic) John Milton -Lycidas (an Elegy dedicated to his friend Edward King), L’Allergo, II Penseroso 23
  • 24.
    RestorationAge •The Poetry ofthis age was formal, intellectual, satirical, realistic and written in Heroic Couplet •Dryden is the dominanting Figure of this age Political Satires • Absalom and Achitophel •The Medal Doctrinal Poems • Religio Laici •The Hind and the Panther The Fables • The Palamon and Arcite 24
  • 25.
    NEOCLASSICAL/ AUGUSTANAGE 25 •The term‘Augustan Age’ comes from the imitation of the Original Augustan Writers, Virgil, Horace, and many other. • The leading poet include Thomas Gray, George Crabbe, Christopher Smart, Robert Burns and Oliver Goldsmith •The poetry of this age is mainly about supernatural form, rural life, external nature, human emotions.
  • 26.
    Graveyard Poetry • Graveyardschool of poets refers to a group of 18th century poets whose work dealt with the themes of death, sorrow and morality • Eg- Thomas Parnell’s A night Piece on death, Robert Blair’s The Grave, Edward Young’s The Night Thought and Thomas Gray’s Elegy written in a Country Churchyard Pindaric Ode • Pindaric was a term for a class of loose and irregular odes and was named after a Greek Poet ‘Pindar’ • Eg- Thomas Gray’s The Progress of Poesy, Ben Johnson’s ‘The Turn’ Horatian Ode • Horatian ode is a short lyric poem written in stanza of two and four named after Latin Poet ‘Horace’ • Horace’s odes are intimate and reflective; addressed to a friend. • Jonathan Swift and Samuel Johnson revived the horatian Spirit. 26
  • 27.
    Alexander Pope •His wellknown mock-heroic epic The Rape of the Lock was first published in 1712 •It was based on a family quarrel between the Petres and Fermors when the 7th Lord Petre cut off a lock of miss Arabella Fermor’s hair •He founded literary club “Scriblerus Club” along with Jonathan Swift, John Gay, John Arbuthnot and Thomas Parnell •He translated Homer’s The Iliad (1720) and The Odyssey Dr Samuel Johnson •He translated Pope’s Messiah in Latin, Father Jeronumo Lobo’s Account of Abyssinia •His major poem ‘London’- Imitation of the Third Satire of Juvenal Robert Burns •His first published work of poetry was “Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect” in 1786. This is also known as Burn’s Kilmarnock volume •Kilmarnock volume was a mixture of several scots poems such as The Twa Dogs, Scotch Drink, The Holy Fair etc •His other poem “Tam O’s Shelter” depicted Tam’s escape from witches based on folk legend 27
  • 28.
    28 • The GermanPoet Friedrich Schegel is given credit for using the term ‘romantic’ to describe literature for the first time •Poetry was the dominant Genre in Romantic Age •The Romantic Poets such as William Wordsworth and Coleridge turned to the nature and recorded it’s beauty •The poet of this age preferred poetry that spoke of personal experiences in simple language
  • 29.
    William Blake • Hewas the first generation Romantic Poet • The first generation writings were inspired by the Battle of Bastille and the French Revolution • Blake’s Song of Innocence consisting of 19 poems was first published in 1789 • This was followed by Song of Experience in 1794 containing 26 poems • According to Blake, these songs showed ‘The Two Contrary States of the Human Soul” • The innocent world of childhood is juxtaposed against an adult world of corruption • Blake’s prophetic prose poem ‘The Marriage of Heaven and Hell’ was begun in1790 and it’s title is an ironic reference to Swedenborg’s theological work, Heaven and Hell Lord Byron • He was the second generation Romantic Poet • The Second generation writings started after the end of the war and the poets of this generation died at very young age • Byron’s love for his cousin Mary Chaworth found expression in several poems, ‘Hills of Annesley’ and ‘The Adieu’ • His first collection of poetry ‘Hours of Idleness’ appeared in 1807 and it was attacked by Henry Brougham in the Edinburgh Review. • Byron replied to it with his publication ‘English Bards and Scotch Reviewers’ • His poetic travelogue of pictureque land ‘Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage’ 29
  • 30.
    30 • The Victorianpoetry witnessed varied forms like realism, pessimism, morality, sentimentality, humor, a sense of responsibility, dramatic monologue, advancement of science •It can be divided into high Victorian Poetry and the Pre-Raphaelite Poetry •Tennyson, Robert Browning, Matthew Arnold and DG Rossetti were a few important poet of the age
  • 31.
    That’s my LastDuchess painted on the wall, Looking as if she were alive. I call That piece a wonder, now: Fr Pandolf’s hands Worked busily a day and there she stands. Will’t please you sit and look at her? I said • Robert Browning was considered as the master of Dramatic monologue • His most famous Dramatic Monologue poems ‘My Last Duchess’ and ‘Porphyria’s Lover • In ‘My Last Duchess’ the Duke is negotiating for a second wife. Even though it is the Duke who is talking about his last wife and revealed himself as an emotionally cold, calculating, materialistic and haughty man • In ‘Porphyria’a Lover’, the speaker describes the act of murdering the woman he loved and the speaker reveals himself as a jealous, possesive and psychopath lover 31
  • 32.
    The blessed damozelleaned out From the gold bar of Heaven; Her eyes were deeper than the depth Of waters stilled at even; She had three lilies in her hand, And the stars in her hair were seven • He was the Pre-Raphaelite Poet • His most well known poem is ‘The Blessed Damozel’ • It narrates the story of a young woman, who dies unexpectedly at a very young age. She longs for the love of her Earthly Companion • The poem unites the physical and the spiritual, and the illustrates Rossetti’s belief in human love beingone of life’s greatest values 32
  • 33.
    33 •Modernist Poetry commencedwith the appearance of the imagists besides maintaining the previous trends. WB yeast and TS Eliot were main modernist poets •Contemporary poetry was often written in free verse inviting reader to interpret the poem. Ted Hughes and Philip Larkin were the important poets of this era •American Poetry sometimes borrowed from classical models and sometimes from realism. The period from 1820s and 1860s is known as the Romantic period of American Literature.
  • 34.
    With beauty likea tightened bow, a kind That is not natural in an age like this, Being high and solitary and most stern? Why, what could she have done, e, being what she is? Was there another Troy for her to burn? -No Second Troy • Yeats was an Irish poet and playwright • He founded the Abbey Theatre in 1904 • His most famous work include ‘The Tower’, ‘The Winding Stair and Other Poems’, ‘Easter 1916’ and ‘The Second Coming’ • The most significant influence on Yeats’ life and Poetry was a beautiful woman ‘Maud Gonne’ • He describes Maud Gonne’s beauty as an exceptional and destructive, similar to Helen of Troy 34
  • 35.
    Do not gogentle into that good night, Old age should burn and rave at close of day; Rage, rage against the dying of the light. Though Wise men at their end knoew dark is right, Because their words had forked no lightning They Do not go gentle into that good night • His first collection of poems was published in 1934 • His most famous poem ‘Do not go Gentle into that Good Night’ was published in 1952 • His other poems: 18 poems, Twenty Five Poems, Our Eunuch dreams, I see the boys of summer 35
  • 36.
    I am silverand exact, I have no preconceptions Whatever I see I swallow immediately Just as it is, unmisted by love or dislike, I am not Cruel, only truthful The eye of a little God, four cornered. -Mirror • Plath got name and fame as a professional poet and writer • Following a long struggle with depression and a marital separation, she committed suicide on 11th February 1963 • She is famous for her two collections, ‘The Colossus and other poems’ and ‘Ariel’ • She became the first poet to win Pulitzer Prize after death for the collected poems 36
  • 37.
    Conclusion Therefore Poetry isa form of writing that uses not only words, but also form, patterns of sound, imagery and figurative language to convey the message. The theme differs according to different ages and their social, political and religious background.
  • 38.