pointers, virtual functions and polymorphisms in c++ || in cpp

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The document discusses pointers, virtual functions, and polymorphism in C++. It covers early binding/compile-time polymorphism using function overloading and operator overloading. Late binding/run-time polymorphism is achieved using virtual functions, where the appropriate function version is selected at runtime based on the object. Pointer to objects and using the arrow operator -> to access members through object pointers is described. Memory allocation for single and array objects using new is also covered.

Chapter 9
Pointers, Virtual functions &
Polymorphism

Page  2
Contents
•Introduction
•Pointers
•Pointers to objects
•this pointers
•pointers to derived class
•virtual functions
•pure virtual function

Page  3
Early Binding or
Compile Time Polymorphism
 The concept of polymorphism is implemented
using overloaded functions and operators.
 The overloaded memberfunctions are selected
forinvoking by matching arguments, both type
and numbers.
 This information is known to the compilerat the
compile time and, therefore, compileris able to
select the appropriate function fora particular
call at the compile time itself.
 This is called early binding orstatic binding or
static linking.

Page  4
Late Binding or
Run Time Polymorphism
class A
{
int x;
public:
void show( ) {……}
};
class B : public A
{
int y;
public:
void show( ) {……}
};
 Since the prototype of
show( ) is the same in
both the places, the
function is not
overloaded and therefore
static binding does not
apply.
 The class resolution
operatoris used to
specify the class while
invoking the functions
with the derived class.
 Appropriate member
function is selected while
the program is running.

Page  5
Late Binding or
Run Time Polymorphism
 The appropriate version of
function will be invoked at
runtime.
 Since the function is linked
with a particularclass
much laterafterthe
compilation, this process is
termed as late binding.
 This also known as
dynamic binding, since the
selection of appropriate
function is done
Polymorphism
Compile time Run time
Function
Overloading
Operator
Overloading
Virtual
Functions
Achieving Polymorphism

Page  6
Pointer To Objects
 item * it_ptr; whereitemis aclass andit_ptris apointerof
typeitem.
 Object pointers are useful in creats objects at run time.
 An object pointercan be used to access the public
members of an object.

Page  7
Pointer To Objects
class item
{
int code;
float price;
public:
void getdata( int a, float b )
{ code =a; price = b;}
void show( void )
{ cout << “Code :” <<
code<<endl;
<< “Price :” << price <<
endl; }
};
item x;
item *ptr = &x;
 We can referto the
memberfunctions of item
in two ways:
 Using dot operatorand
object.
 x.getdata(100,75.50);
 x.show( );
 Using arrow operatorand
object pointer.
 ptr-> getdata(100,
75.50);
 ptr-> show( );
 Since *ptris an alias of x
 (*ptr).show( );
continue…

Page  8
Pointer To Objects
 We can also create the objects using pointers and new
operator as:
 item * ptr = new item ;
 This statement allocates enough memory for the data members in
the object structure and assigns the address of the memory space
to ptr.
 We can also create an array of objects using pointers
 Item *ptr = new item[10];
 Creates memory space for an array of 10 objects of item.
continue…

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The document discusses file input and output streams in C++. It introduces the different stream classes - ifstream, ofstream and fstream that are used for file operations. It explains how to open and close files using constructor and open() member function. It describes sequential input/output operations using functions like put(), get(), write() and read(). It also covers concepts like file pointers, seek functions and detecting end of file. The document is a chapter from a book that provides an overview of file I/O in C++.

exception handling in cppgourav kottawar

This document discusses exception handling in C++. It begins with an introduction explaining that exception handling allows a program to automatically invoke error handling routines when runtime errors occur. It then covers key aspects of exception handling including the try, catch, and throw statements. Finally, it provides code examples demonstrating how to throw, catch, and handle exceptions in C++.

cpp input & output system basicsgourav kottawar

This document discusses console I/O operations in C++. It covers C++ stream classes that implement input and output operations, unformatted I/O using operators and functions, and formatted I/O using stream manipulators and member functions. The key stream classes are istream for input and ostream for output. Unformatted I/O uses operators like >> and << while formatted I/O uses width(), precision(), and fill() functions as well as custom manipulators.

basics of c++gourav kottawar

The document provides an introduction to the basics of C++, including a brief history of C and C++, comparing C and C++, and providing a simple C++ "Hello World" program example. C++ was created by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979 as an enhancement to the C language by adding object-oriented programming capabilities while still maintaining efficiency and flexibility. The document outlines some key differences between C and C++, such as C++ supporting object-oriented programming, classes, and templates while maintaining similar performance to C.

SQL || overview and detailed information about Sqlgourav kottawar

This document provides an overview of the SQL language. It explains that SQL allows users to access and manipulate databases. The core functionality of SQL includes executing queries, retrieving data, inserting/updating/deleting records, and creating/modifying database structures. It also describes common SQL statements like SELECT, WHERE, DISTINCT, BETWEEN, aggregate functions, and string functions.

SQL querys in detail || Sql query slidesgourav kottawar

The document discusses SQL queries and concepts like SELECT statements, FROM and WHERE clauses, JOINs, aggregation functions, GROUP BY and HAVING clauses. It provides examples of 14 queries with the corresponding SQL code to retrieve employee and department information from sample tables. The key concepts covered include SELECTing columns, filtering rows with WHERE, JOINs between tables, aggregation with functions like COUNT and AVG, and grouping query results with GROUP BY.

Rrelational algebra in dbms overviewgourav kottawar

Relational algebra is the formal description of how a relational database operates and the underlying mathematics of SQL operations. There are two groups of relational algebra operators: set operations like union, intersection, and difference; and special database operations like select, project, and join. The project operation selects a subset of attributes from a relation, while select retrieves tuples that satisfy a given condition. These operations can be combined, such as to select employee numbers for employees in a particular department.

overview of database conceptgourav kottawar

This document provides an overview of key database concepts including: - The components of a database including fields, records, files and how they relate to tables and rows in a DBMS. - Entity-Relationship modeling and the three basic relationship types. - The normalization process which determines required tables and columns to reduce redundancy. - How tables can be linked through primary and foreign keys. - Structured Query Language (SQL) which is used to interact with database tables.

Relational Model in dbms & sql databasegourav kottawar

The document discusses Codd's rules for relational database management systems (RDBMS). It covers the 12 original rules divided into 5 categories: foundation rules, structural rules, integrity rules, data manipulation rules, and data independence rules. Key points include that all data must be represented as values in tables, tables must have primary keys, integrity is enforced by the RDBMS, and applications are shielded from changes to storage structure or access methods.

DBMS information in detail || Dbms (lab) pptgourav kottawar

The document discusses Structured Query Language (SQL) and its uses. It covers SQL statements like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE to manipulate databases. It also covers SQL data definition language statements like CREATE TABLE to create tables, ALTER TABLE to modify tables, and DROP TABLE to delete tables. Additionally, it discusses SQL data types, constraints like PRIMARY KEY, UNIQUE, FOREIGN KEY and CHECK constraints.

security and privacy in dbms and in sql databasegourav kottawar

This document discusses database security and privacy. It covers various topics related to database security such as discretionary access control using privileges, mandatory access control for multilevel security, encryption, and public key infrastructures. It also discusses legal and ethical issues regarding access to information, and threats to database security goals like integrity, availability and confidentiality of data. Common security mechanisms like access control, flow control and encryption are described for protecting databases against security threats.

The system development life cycle (SDLC)gourav kottawar

The document discusses the system development life cycle (SDLC), which includes 5 phases: planning, analysis, design, implementation, and support. The planning phase involves reviewing project requests, allocating resources, and forming a project team. The analysis phase consists of preliminary investigation and detailed analysis to determine requirements. The design phase develops system details and acquires necessary hardware/software. The implementation phase builds the system and delivers it to users. The support phase provides ongoing assistance after implementation.

Software documentationgourav kottawar

This document discusses software documentation, including the different types (process and product), standards, quality, and preparation. It emphasizes that documentation is important for communication between teams, providing information to managers and users, and acting as a repository for maintenance engineers. Both process documentation for tracking development and product documentation for describing the final system should be created.

Software reengineeringgourav kottawar

The document discusses software re-engineering, which involves reorganizing and modifying existing software systems to make them more maintainable without changing functionality. It involves re-structuring or re-writing parts of legacy systems to add maintainability. Reasons for re-engineering include when changes are needed for only part of a system, hardware/software becomes obsolete, or new tools enable re-structuring. The benefits are reduced risk and cost compared to new development. The process involves reverse engineering, program understanding, re-structuring, modularization, and data re-engineering.

Organizational behaviourgourav kottawar

The document discusses organizational behavior and provides definitions, foundations, and models. It defines OB as the study of human behavior in organizational settings and how knowledge gained can improve organizational effectiveness. It outlines foundations of OB including individual differences, human dignity, and organizations as social systems. It also describes five models of OB: autocratic, custodial, supportive, collegial, and system models which differ based on their orientation and dependencies.

operator overloading & type conversion in cppgourav kottawar

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classes & objects in cppgourav kottawar

expression in cppgourav kottawar

basics of c++gourav kottawar

working file handling in cpp overviewgourav kottawar

exception handling in cppgourav kottawar

cpp input & output system basicsgourav kottawar

basics of c++gourav kottawar

SQL || overview and detailed information about Sqlgourav kottawar

SQL querys in detail || Sql query slidesgourav kottawar

Rrelational algebra in dbms overviewgourav kottawar

overview of database conceptgourav kottawar

Relational Model in dbms & sql databasegourav kottawar

DBMS information in detail || Dbms (lab) pptgourav kottawar

security and privacy in dbms and in sql databasegourav kottawar

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pointers, virtual functions and polymorphisms in c++ || in cpp

1. Chapter 9 Pointers, Virtual functions & Polymorphism

2. Page  2 Contents •Introduction •Pointers •Pointers to objects •this pointers •pointers to derived class •virtual functions •pure virtual function

3. Page  3 Early Binding or Compile Time Polymorphism  The concept of polymorphism is implemented using overloaded functions and operators.  The overloaded memberfunctions are selected forinvoking by matching arguments, both type and numbers.  This information is known to the compilerat the compile time and, therefore, compileris able to select the appropriate function fora particular call at the compile time itself.  This is called early binding orstatic binding or static linking.

4. Page  4 Late Binding or Run Time Polymorphism class A { int x; public: void show( ) {……} }; class B : public A { int y; public: void show( ) {……} };  Since the prototype of show( ) is the same in both the places, the function is not overloaded and therefore static binding does not apply.  The class resolution operatoris used to specify the class while invoking the functions with the derived class.  Appropriate member function is selected while the program is running.

5. Page  5 Late Binding or Run Time Polymorphism  The appropriate version of function will be invoked at runtime.  Since the function is linked with a particularclass much laterafterthe compilation, this process is termed as late binding.  This also known as dynamic binding, since the selection of appropriate function is done Polymorphism Compile time Run time Function Overloading Operator Overloading Virtual Functions Achieving Polymorphism

6. Page  6 Pointer To Objects  item * it_ptr; whereitemis aclass andit_ptris apointerof typeitem.  Object pointers are useful in creats objects at run time.  An object pointercan be used to access the public members of an object.

7. Page  7 Pointer To Objects class item { int code; float price; public: void getdata( int a, float b ) { code =a; price = b;} void show( void ) { cout << “Code :” << code<<endl; << “Price :” << price << endl; } }; item x; item *ptr = &x;  We can referto the memberfunctions of item in two ways:  Using dot operatorand object.  x.getdata(100,75.50);  x.show( );  Using arrow operatorand object pointer.  ptr-> getdata(100, 75.50);  ptr-> show( );  Since *ptris an alias of x  (*ptr).show( ); continue…

8. Page  8 Pointer To Objects  We can also create the objects using pointers and new operator as:  item * ptr = new item ;  This statement allocates enough memory for the data members in the object structure and assigns the address of the memory space to ptr.  We can also create an array of objects using pointers  Item *ptr = new item[10];  Creates memory space for an array of 10 objects of item. continue…

9. 9 Thank You !!! By:-Gourav Kottawar

10. 9 Thank You !!! By:-Gourav Kottawar

pointers, virtual functions and polymorphisms in c++ || in cpp

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