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Population change
The document discusses global population trends, distribution, and factors that influence population changes. It provides details on population growth rates slowing globally but total numbers still increasing. Countries with highest densities are China and India while sparsely populated areas include parts of Canada, Russia, and Australia. The demographic transition model outlines 5 stages of population changes as countries develop from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates. Factors like environment, resources, and development influence population distributions. China's one-child policy aimed to reduce rapid growth while Singapore later encouraged families to have more children for economic reasons.
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Introduction to global population dynamics and topics covered in the unit.
Global population growth is slowing, yet total numbers increase; reflects on growth rates.
Concepts of population distribution and density; understanding spatial factors.
Factors influencing population distribution differences; high density in China/India, sparse in Canada/Russia.
Introduction to the Demographic Transition Model showcasing population changes.
Demographic stage with high birth and death rates; related to primitive living conditions.
Transition stage where death rates fall; examples include Afghanistan and Nepal.
This stage shows falling birth rates and examples like Egypt; families becoming smaller.
Low birth and death rates characterize this stage; countries like UK and USA are examples.
Death rates surpass birth rates; modern medicine impacts elderly; countries like Italy.
Natural and human factors affecting population distribution; historical context discussed.
Population is concentrated in Eastern China; geography and climate play key roles.
High density areas in the UK related to historical coal mining locations.
Policies introduced to control population growth, incentives and societal impacts detailed.
Visual examples of family planning propaganda in China promoting one child policy.
Birth rates decreased significantly due to policies; urban vs rural population trends discussed.
Transition from population control to encouraging births with incentives in Singapore.
2001 population statistics of Southampton highlighting demographics and employment.
Explanation of population pyramids; gender and age distribution significance.
Example from Indonesia shows youthful population structure and associated issues.
Mexico's population pyramid illustrates lower death rates and changing employment sectors.
UK's ageing population represented in pyramid shape with implications discussed.
Comparison of youth vs ageing populations; economic and social implications highlighted.
Statistics and challenges of UK's ageing population; economic dependency detailed.
Pros and cons of an ageing population in UK; economic and social challenges examined.
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Population change
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- 2. Global Population Growth Therate of global population growth is slowing down, but the total population is still increasing, just not as quickly as it was a few years ago.
- 3. Global Population Distribution Distribution– where people are located and how they are spread out across the world Density – the number of people per unit of area e.g. per km2
- 4. Reasons for DistributionDifferences • Areas with the lowest populations include the extreme north, deserts and rainforest as these places are difficult to inhabit. • Countries with the highest population densities again are China and India • Countries with low population densities include Canada, Russia and Australia and this is because these are large countries with low populations and so the population is very spread out (sparse).
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- 6. The Demographic TransitionModel Stage 1 – High Fluctuating Reasons for High Birth Rate • Little or no birth control • High infant mortality • Children seen as status symbol Reasons for High Death Rate • High incidence of disease • Poor nutrition and famine • Poor housing and hygiene • Little or no health care Total population is low There are no countries in this stage of the model but some isolated tribes in the Amazon Rainforest are still like this
- 7. The Demographic TransitionModel Stage 2 – High Fluctuating Reasons for High Birth Rate • Little or no birth control • Children seen as status symbol Reasons for Falling Death Rate • Infant mortality is falling • Improved health care and hygiene • Better nutrition • Safer water, better waste disposal Total population is begins to increase rapidly Examples of this stage include Afghanistan and Nepal
- 8. The Demographic TransitionModel Stage 3 – Late Expanding Reasons for Falling Birth Rates • Widespread birth control • Preference for smaller families • Expense of bringing up children • Low infant mortality rate Total population is begins to slow Examples of this stage include Egypt and Thailand
- 9. The Demographic TransitionModel Stage 4 – Low Fluctuating • Low birth rate and death rate • Population becomes older • Death rates are kept low by improving health care • Birth rates are kept low by effective birth control and women delaying the age at which they have children Examples of countries in this stage include the UK and USA
- 10. The Demographic TransitionModel Stage 5 – Decline • Death rate starts to be higher than birth rate • Modern medicine keeps the elderly alive for longer • Total population begins to decline • Fewer people are in the reproductive age meaning lower birth rate • This stage has only recently be reached by some European countries such as Italy.
- 11. Factors affecting PopulationDistribution and Density Natural Factors Steepness of slopes – you cant build on very hilly ground easily. Rivers – needed as a water source Climate – too hot or cold or no rainfall makes living there difficult Biological – If the soil is very thin and there is no vegetation you cannot farm Human Factors Economic – minerals to sell, energy, industries and services all need to be in place to attract people to the area Social – types of communication Technology – ability to exploit natural resources Political – governments may try to change how the population is distributed. Historical Factors Population distribution is something that happens over many centuries as more people are added to the country and the population spreads out. Factors that used to be significant such as a river as a source of water are no longer important as water can be piped in using modern technology.
- 12. Population Distribution inChina • Population is concentrated to the Eastern half of the country where densities are greater than 1000 persons per km2 in some places • Very sparsely populated belt to the west • To the northwest is an area where the population densities are between 25 to 250 persons per km2 • High population matches areas that are mainly lowland areas • They probably have the best soils too • High mountains over 5000m will explain the sparse population densities to the west • The highest population also matches with the area of highest rainfall (over 50cm per year) • Similarly, the areas of lowest rainfall are the areas of sparse population • Give the high mountains this precipitation probably falls as snow
- 13. Population Distribution inthe UK • The most sparsely populated areas are the Highlands and Islands of Scotland and the uplands of Northern Ireland, Wales and Northern England • There are two areas of high population density; one in the south east of England and the other in the north west of England. • With both high density areas the reason is historic. Both are the locations of coalfields. • Although coal is no longer mined, in the past coal was the energy resource that attracted a huge amount of industry and so people moved to where there were jobs.
- 14. China’s One ChildPolicy • The One Child Policy was introduced in 1979 to try and stop of growth of China’s already huge population • For 20 years after that no couple living in a city was supposed to have more than one child and if they did they faced many consequences • All couples were closely monitored by female health workers • Couples with only one child were given a certificate to entitle them to benefits such as cash bonuses, longer maternity leave, better child care and access to the best houses • Unmarried young couples were persuaded to put their marriages on hold • Couples without children were told to ‘wait their turn’ • Women with illegal pregnancies were pressured into having abortions • Couples who already had more than one child were forced to be sterilized
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- 17. FAMILY PLANNING PROPAGANDA Thepicture above and right has a banner outside a school that reads: “Seriously control the population growth, work hard to make the birth rate stable” The picture on the middle right translates as “Have one child, one only and raise him wisely for the good of society.” The graffiti on the wall bottom right says “If you have an extra birth it will be a bitter and difficult struggle”.
- 18. The Specific Facts! •Since 1996 the policy has been relaxed, especially in rural • Birth rates have fallen from 34 births per 1000 people in 1996 to 12 births per 1000 people in 2008 • Population growth has fallen from 2.4% to 0.6% • Despite this the population has grown in China from 996 million to 1.3 billion people • The policy has been much more effective in urban areas • In cities finding enough living space for 3 people is difficult and raising a child there is much more expensive • In rural areas there is always a need for an extra pair of hands to help run the farm
- 19. Singapore’s Have Threeor More • From the 1960’s to 1980’s the government aim in Singapore was to control the population. • It was worried that the tiny island would become overpopulated. • However they soon realised that this was having a bad effect on the countries economy • Less people meant that there was no one to fill the jobs – they were running short of labour • The old family planning slogan of ‘stop a two’ was replaced by ‘Have three or more – if you can afford it’. • A whole new set of incentives (benefits) were introduced to encourage this: – Tax breaks for the third, fourth and so on child – Cheap nurseries for working mothers – Access to the best schools – Spacious apartments – Speed dating bars – Cruises and other leisure opportunities that might help lead to women becoming pregant – Pregnant women offered counselling to avoid abortions
- 20. Southampton’s Population Statistics 2001 •In 10 years the population increased by 20,000 people • 87.5% of Southampton’s residence were born in Britain (similar to the National average) • In 2001 Southampton had a higher proportion of 18 – 24yr olds than the rest of England because of the university there. • 65.6% identified their religion as Christian which is lower than the rest of England • The largest source of employment for people in Southampton is wholesale and retail trade.
- 21. Population Pyramids • Theyshow two things: gender and age • One side is males the other is females • The youngest age group 0 – 4 years old is at the bottom • The oldest age group over 90 years is at the top. • The number of males and females in each age group is show by the horizontal bar; the longer the bar, the more people there are in that age group. • The shape of population pyramids is controlled by three things: – The birth rate – the higher it is, the bigger the pyramids base – The death rate – the lower it is, the taller the pyramid – The balance between birth rate and death rate – if births exceed deaths or vice versa
- 22. • A boardbased, rather squat pyramid shows an LIC country. • This is what’s called a youthful population • There are plenty of young adults in the population and there is a high birth rate and many young children. • This is largely to do with the fact it is a poorer country – many people are employed in primary sector employment, mainly farming and so need children to work on the farm. • However, death rate is also high and so life expectancy is low. You can see very clearly that there are very few people living into their 90’s LIC Population Pyramid: Indonesia
- 23. • The populationpyramid for Mexico (a middle income country) is more even sided and taller than that of Indonesia. • This means death rates are lower and life expectancy is greater • Health care has improved and people are beginning to work in secondary sector employment. • However the birth rate is still very high • The younger part of the population is larger than the elderly part but the gap has closed. MIC Population Pyramid: Mexico
- 24. • The populationpyramid for the UK has almost lost is pyramid shape because it bulges in the middle • The base of the pyramid has started to disappear showing that the birth rate has gotten a lot lower than it was previously • The number of elderly compared to the number of young people is almost equal • The death rate has also declined meaning people are living a lot longer • The pyramid tells us that we have an ageing population HIC Population Pyramid: UK
- 25. Consequences of youthfuland aging populations Youthful Ageing Demographic A growth in numbers More people need to be employed, housed and fed Numbers remain the same or decline Beneficial if there are shortages of food Economic Public money needs to be spent on special services; building and running nurseries, schools and children’s clinics Public money needs to be spent on special services; care homes, suitable housing and day centres Reduction in the size of the work force Social Dependence of the child on the parents. Difficulty supporting young family The elderly become dependant on their children to support them Political Priorities will be in providing education and jobs for their youthful population Priorities will be in providing pensions, health care and stopping age discrimination
- 26. An ageing populationcase study - UK • The UK is one of 61 countries in the world where not enough babies are being born to replace those that are dying • This results in the population becoming ‘greyer’ • In 2001 there were 5.4 million women aged over 60 compared with 3.9 million men • Of men over 65 and women over 60, 10% were still working • 7 out of 10 pensioners depend on the governments state pension for over half their income
- 27. Advantages and disadvantagesof an aging population in the UK Advantages Disadvantages Economic • A combination of good health, paid up mortgages, plenty of disposable income and ‘empty nests’ means many pensioners are contributing to this countries economy. • A growth in overseas SKI (spending skids inheritance) holidays is helping LIC’s become more developed too. • With fewer people working there is a challenge of raising enough taxes to pay for the growing numbers of pensions • For this reason the state pension is not enough for people to live on and a growing number of pensions are experiencing deprivation. • Also who will pay for all the services that elderly people need? Social • The creation of retirement resorts in popular locations. Pensioners are able to live with others their own age and so combat loneliness • They are able to provide the social and medical facilities that are needed. • With people living longer there is a challenge over who will look after them. • It used to be the children’s responsibility but now more and more people are handing them over to care homes.