The document summarizes Harry Levinson's criticism of traditional Management By Objectives (MBO) approaches. Levinson argued that MBO fails to deliver on the ideal process because it treats employees like "rats in a maze" by assuming their goals are simply to achieve whatever objectives are set for them from above. In reality, each individual has unique needs, ambitions and means of achieving goals. As a result, employees often resent ever-increasing performance pressures that are unrelated to their own aspirations. The document advocates for an "inside-out" training approach focused on addressing attitudes and mindsets to inspire sustainable performance improvements.