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Ppt on design of solar photovoltaic generation for residential building
The document discusses the design of a solar photovoltaic generation system for a residential building. It provides an abstract that outlines key points such as how solar cells convert sunlight to electrical energy and how solar PV modules generate voltage and current. It then discusses estimating the number of PV modules, batteries, inverters, and charge controllers needed for the system based on sample load curves and cost analysis. Comparisons are made to other power generation methods such as thermal, nuclear, biogas, wind, and tidal energy.
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Ppt on design of solar photovoltaic generation for residential building
- 1. DESIGN OF SOLARPHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATION FOR RESIDENTIAL BUILDING ________________________________________________
- 2. ABSTRACT >Solar cell isa semiconductor device which is nothing but a P-N junction diode and can converts sun lights into electrical energy. >Solar PV module when in touch of sunlight generates voltage and current at its output terminals. >In recent trends, this technology is highly effective because of less maintenance and continuous availability of solar energy in the most cleanest form. >In our project we are using this concept and usefulness of solar cell by which we are trying to design solar photovoltaic generation system of a sample building. >We are estimating no of PV module, calculating the size of inverter, no of batteries, solar charge controller sizing and all equipments necessary to construct a model generation set for a sample house with proper mathematical calculation sample load curve along with cost analysis.
- 3. Broad Outline PV Technologiesand Advancement Environmental Aspect Economic Aspect Indian Scenario Future Prospects
- 4. WITH THERMAL POWER Thispower plant releases tones of pollutant gas in the free air and the cost of fossil fuels are very high, also they need a huge site. Where in solar plant we can get the clean energy and it need not require any plant sites. WITH NUCLEAR ENERGY Bi-product generated are radio active where in solar plant there is no harmful elements. WITH BIO GAS GENERATION They produces CO2 and other green house gases, also bio-mass collection is difficult whereas availability of sun light is endless. WITH WIND ENERGY They are highly available along the coastal side and much costly, where as the solar energy is available throughout the world. WITH TIDAL ENERGY Sea water contains minerals having a corrosive effects on machineries and cost is much higher than solar generating plant COMPARISON WITH OTHER GENERATION METHODS
- 5. Silicon Crystalline Technology Currently makes up 86% of PV market Very stable with module efficiencies 10-16% Mono crystalline PV Cells •Made using saw-cut from single cylindrical crystal of Si •Operating efficiency up to 15% Multi Crystalline PV Cells •Caste from ingot of melted and recrystallised silicon •Cell efficiency ~12% •Accounts for 90% of crystalline Si market
- 6. Thin Film Technology Silicon deposited in a continuous on a base material such as glass, metal or polymers Thin-film crystalline solar cell consists of layers about 10μm thick compared with 200-300μm layers for crystalline silicon cells PROS • Low cost substrate and fabrication process CONS • Not very stable
- 7. Amorphous Silicon PVCells The most advanced of thin film technologies Operating efficiency ~6% Makes up about 13% of PV market PROS • Mature manufacturing technologies available CONS • Initial 20-40% loss in efficiency
- 8. Poly Crystalline PVCells Cadmium Telluride ( CdTe) Unlike most other II/IV material CdTe exhibits direct band gap of 1.4eV and high absorption coefficient PROS • 16% laboratory efficiency • 6-9% module efficiency CONS • Immature manufacturing process Non – Silicon Based Technology
- 9. WORKING PRINCIPLE OFPV CELL _____________________________________________ >PV cells convert sunlight into electricity. >They are made of two semi-conductor layers, one is positive and other is negative charged. >When light enters the cell, excite atoms to move freely from negative layer to the positive. >As a result, current will flow from positive terminal to the negative terminal of the metallic plate connected across the PV cell. >When two modules are wired together in series , the voltage across them is doubled and for parallel the resulting current is doubled.
- 10. PROBLEM FORMULATION _______________________________________ 1.MODULE SIZING Noof modules required to meet energy requirement =Nm=Selected module energy o/p at operating temperature/peak sun hours of design tilt from insolation data chart). No of modules required per string =Nsa =Battery bus volt./selected PV module power volt. At STC No of strings in parallel =Np=Nm/ Nsa No of modules to be purchased =N= Nsa x Np 2.BATTERY SIZING No of batteries in parallel =Na =Required battery capacity (considering an autonomy of 7 days and allowable depth of discharge of 0.8) /ampere hour capacity of selected battery. No of batteries in series =Ns =battery bus volt. (assumed)/selected battery bus voltage from battery specification sheet. Total no of batteries =Nb =no of batteries in parallel x no of batteries in series. 3.INVERTER SIZING From the load curve of the sample house if the maximum energy demand at peak hours is Wt watt, then for safety purpose the inverter should be 25-30% bigger in size. 4.CHARGE CONTROLLER SIZING To select an appropriate charge controller, we need to calculate the Controller Input Current and Controller Load Current data . Module Short Circuit Current (Is)) x Modules per string (Nsa) x Safety Factor (Sf ) = Contoller input current (Ip) Total DC Connected Watts (Wdc) / DC System Voltage (Vb) = Max. DC Load Current ie, controller load current (Id).
- 11. CASE STUDY __________________________________ SL NOCOMPONENT NAME QUANTITY SPECIFICATIONS MAKER 1. SOLAR PV MODULE 40 MODULES 14.8V,1 AMP,47.7 WP SIEMENS SOLAR M55 MODULE 2. SOLAR INVERTER 1 3. DEEP CYCLE 10 12V DC,478 A-H EXIDE 6E95-II 4. SOLAR CHARGE CONTROLLER 1 12V DC,34 AMP TRISTAR TS45 CHARGE CONTROLLER
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- 13. Applications @ PV •Water Pumping: PV powered pumping systems are excellent ,simple ,reliable – life 20 years • Commercial Lighting: PV powered lighting systems are reliable and low cost alternative. Security, billboard sign, area, and outdoor lighting are all viable applications for PV • Consumer electronics: Solar powered watches, calculators, and cameras are all everyday applications for PV technologies. • Telecommunications • Residential Power: A residence located more than a mile from the electric grid can install a PV system more inexpensively than extending the electric grid (Over 500,000 homes worldwide use PV power as their only source of electricity)
- 14. Environmental Aspects Exhaustionof raw materials CO2 emission during fabrication process Acidification Disposal problems of hazardous semiconductor material In spite of all these environmental concerns, Solar Photovoltaic is one of the cleanest form of energy
- 15. PV’nomics • PV unit: Price per peak watt (Wp) ( Peak watt is the amount of power output a PV module produces at Standard Test Conditions (STC) of a module operating temperature of 25°C in full noontime sunshine (irradiance) of 1,000 Watts per square meter ) • A typical 1kWp System produces approximately 1600-2000 kWh energy in India and Australia • A typical 2000 watt peak (2KWp) solar energy system costing $8000 (including installation) will correspond to a price of $4/Wp
- 16. Payback Time • EnergyPayback Time: EPBT is the time necessary for a photovoltaic panel to generate the energy equivalent to that used to produce it. A ratio of total energy used to manufacture a PV module to average daily energy of a PV system. • At present the Energy payback time for PV systems is in the range 8 to 11 years, compared with typical system lifetimes of around 30 years. About 60% of the embodied energy is due to the silicon wafers.
- 17. PV’nomics …. Modulecosts typically represents only 40-60% of total PV system cost and the rest is accounted by inverter, PV array support, electrical cabling and installation Most PV solar technologies rely on semiconductor-grade crystalline-silicon wafers, which are expensive to produce compared with other energy sources The high initial cost of the equipment they require discourages their large-scale commercialization
- 18. The Other Side •Use newer and cheaper materials like amorphous silicon , CuInSe2 , CdTe. • Thin-film solar cells use less than 1% of the raw material (silicon) compared to wafer based solar cells, leading to a significant price drop per kWh. • Incentives may bring down the cost of solar energy down to 10-12 cents per kilowatt hour - which can imply a payback of 5 to 7 years.
- 19. However …. • Ifa location is not currently connected to the ‚grid‛, it is less expensive to install PV panels than to either extend the grid or set up small-scale electricity production . • PV : Best suited for remote site applications having moderate/small power requirements consuming applications even where the grid is in existence. • Isolated mountaintops and other rural areas are ideal for stand- alone PV systems where maintenance and power accessibility makes PV the ideal technology.
- 20. Present PV Scenarioin India • In terms of overall installed PV capacity, India comes fourth after Japan, Germany and U.S. (With Installed capacity of 110 MW) • In the area of Photovoltaics India today is the second largest manufacturer in the world of PV panels based on crystalline solar cells. (Industrial production in this area has reached a level of 11 MW per year which is about 10% of the world’s total PV production) • A major drive has also been initiated by the Government to export Indian PV products, systems, technologies and services (Solar Photovoltaic plant and equipment has been exported to countries in the Middle East and Africa)
- 21. Indian PV Era— Vision 2012 • Arid regions receive plentiful solar radiation, regions like Rajasthan, Gujarat and Haryana receive sunlight in plenty. Thus the Potential availability - 20 MW/km2 (source IREDA) • IREDA is planning to electrify 18,000 villages by year 2012 mainly through solar PV systems • Targets have been set for the large scale utilization of PV technology by different sectors within the next five years
- 22. Global Scenario • SolarElectric Energy demand has grown consistently by 20-25% per annum over the past 20 years (from 26 MW back in 1980 to 127MW in 1997) • At present solar photovoltaic is not the prime contributor to the electrical capacities but the pace at which advancement of PV technology and with the rising demand of cleaner source of energy it is expected by 2030 solar PV will have a leading role in electricity generation • Research is underway for new fabrication techniques, like those used for microchips. Alternative materials like cadmium sulfide and gallium arsenide ,thin-film cells are in development
- 23. 30% increase inglobal manufacturing of solar cells every year
- 24. Expected Future ofSolar Electrical Capacities
- 25. Concluding Remarks • Thekey to successful solar energy installation is to use quality components that have long lifetimes and require minimal maintenance. • The future is bright for continued PV technology dissemination. PV technology fills a significant need in supplying electricity, creating local jobs and promoting economic development in rural areas, avoiding the external environmental costs associated with traditional electrical generation technologies. • Major power policy reforms and tax incentives will play a major role if all the above said is to be effectively realized.
- 26. “The Light atthe end of the Tunnel” By 2020 global solar output could be 276 Terawatt hours, which would equal 30% of Africa's energy needs or 1% of global demand. This would replace the output of 75 new coal fired power stations. The global solar infrastructure would have an investment value of US$75 billion a year. By 2040 global solar output could be more than 9000 Terawatt hours, or 26% of the expected global demand Report European Photovoltaic Industry Association (EPIA) and Greenpeace
- 27. ‘ Can technologicaldevelopments and the transition to a culture that is more aware of the need to safeguard the environment help create a world powered by the Sun’s Energy ? ‘