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Dental Anatomy
Definition:
Dental anatomy is a course that study the gross structure
of the oral cavity and teeth without using the microscope.

Dr. Sherif Hassan
Associate Professo
1. Dental Anatomy
2. Oral Biology.
3. Forensic Dentist

Introduction To
Dental Anatomy

PALATINE
TONSILS
GINGIVA
LABIAL
FRENUM
UVULA
TONGUE
TEETH
CHEEK
FLOOR
OF THE
MOUTH
PALATE
ROOF
OF THE
MOUTH
THE ORAL CAVITY.

The teeth are arranged in the mouth in two
arches termed dental arches.
1- Upper dental arch:
Carry the upper teeth and termed maxillary
arch.
2- Lower dental arch:
Carry the lower teeth and termed mandibular
arch.
Imaginary vertical line divide the body into
two similar halves (right half and left half).
The midline divide the dental arch into two
similar halves, and So Divide the oral cavity
into four similar quadrants.
1. Upper right.
3. Lower right.
2. upper left.
4. lower left.

Functions Of Teeth
1. Appearance. 3. Speaking.
2. Eating.

Responsibilities towards
your teeth.
1. Clean. 2. Discover.

The deciduous teeth begin to erupt at about 6
month of age and completed at about 2 -2.5
years of age.
Number of Deciduous Teeth:
The oral cavity of children before 6 years of
in the
age contain 20 deciduous teeth, 10
maxilla and 10 in the mandible.
Terminology of Deciduous Teeth:
1.Temporary Teeth.
2.Primary Teeth.
3.Milky Teeth.
4.Baby Teeth.
Deciduous Dentition

Deciduous Incisors ( I ) :
Two in each quadrant:
1.Central incisor is close to midline.
2.Lateral incisor next to central incisor.
3. Deciduous Canine ( C ):
Nextto lateral incisor.
canine is the corner of the
Deciduous
mouth.
Deciduous Molars ( M ):
The last two teeth in each quadrant.
4. First deciduous molar: next to canine.
5. Second deciduous molar: last one.
Quadrant of Deciduous Dentition

Dental Formula of Deciduous
Teeth.

Eruption time:
 The first permanent tooth begin to erupt is first permanent molar
which erupt at about 6 years of age.
 The deciduous teeth are shedded one by one and replaced by the
permanent. Successor.
 Until all deciduous teeth will be shedded at about 12 years of age.
 at this time, all teeth in the oral cavity are permanent.
 So This stage is termed Permanent Dentition.
Number of permanent Teeth:
The oral cavity contain 32 permanent teeth,
16 in maxilla and 16 in mandible.

 Per
cisor.
1. Permanent central incisor: close to midline.
2. Permanent lateral incisor: distal to central in
 Permanent Canine ( C ):
3. Permanent canine is found distal to incisors.
 Premolars ( P ):
4. First Premolar: distal to canine.
5. Second Premolar: distal to first premolar.
 Permanent Molars ( M ):
The last three teeth in each quadrant.
6. First Permanent Molar: is distal to premolars.
7. Second Permanent Molar is distal to first permanent molar.
8. Third Molar is the last tooth in the oral cavity.
Quadrant of Permanent
manent Incisors ( I
D)e
: ntition

Permanent Successors
Permanent Successors:
Permanent Successors are teeth
replace the deciduous one.
Deciduous incisors are replaced
by permanenet incisors.
Deciduous canine is replaqced by
permanent canine.
1
st
deciduous molar is replaced
by 1st premolar.
2nd
The deciduous molar is
replaced by 2nd premolar.
The permanent molars not have deciduous
predecessors and Not Termed Successor.

Definition:
 Mixed dentition means that the
oral cavity contain both
permanent and deciduous teeth .
 This stage begin from eruption
of the first permanent tooth
which is first permanent molar at
6 years and ended at shedding of
the last deciduous tooth which is
second deciduous molar at 12
years of age.

Anterior Teeth:
• Anterior Teeth is the teeth seen by the viewer.
• Anterior teeth are bounded by the angles of the lip.
• Anterior teeth is the incisors and canine.
• Incisors act for cutting of foods, while canine for tearing of foods.
Posterior Teeth:
• posterior teeth are premolars and molars .
Posterior teeth Anterior teeth

Crown
Root
Crown:
• Crown is the part of the tooth that seen in the oral
cavity.
• Crown is covered by enamel.
Anatomical and Clinical Crown:
• Anatomical crown is the crown that seen in the oral
cavity from tip to cervical line (neck of the toothN).eck
• Clinical crown is the crown seen in the oral cavity by
the dentist and may include part of the root.
Root
• Root is the part of the tooth that immersed within
the jaw bone and not seen by the viewer.
• Root is covered by cementum.
Cervical line:
• Cervical line is the line of meeting of crown and root.
• Cervical line is termed:
1. Neck of the tooth.
2. Cementoenamel junction (CEJ).

1.Single rooted teeth:
Anterior teeth.
Premolars except maxillary first
premolar.
2. Two rooted teeth:
Maxi
3.
llary first premolar.
Mandibular molars.
Three rooted teeth:
Maxillary molars.

Enamel
Dentin
Pulp
Cementum
Enamel:
•Enamel is the hard tissue that cover the crown.
• Enamel is the hardest tissue allover the body.
Cementum:
•Cementum is the hard tissue that cover the root.
Dentin:
•Dentin is the hard tissue that form the main bulk
of the tooth.
•Dentin is covered by enamel at crown and by
cementum at root.
•Dentin surround a central cavity within thetooth
termed pulp.
Pulp:
•The dental pulp is a loose delicate connective tissue occupying the cavity
in the center of tooth and surrounded by dentin.

Anatomy of the pulp cavity:
1- Pulp chamber: found within the crown.
2- Root canals: found within the root.
3 Apical foramen: opening of the tooth in which
blood vessels and nerves enter the tooth.
Anatomy of the pulp tissue:
1. Coronal pulp: found within the pulp chamber.
Boundaries: Coronal pulp has six surfaces, buccal,
lingual, mesial, distal, roof, and floor.
# Pulp horn: parts of the coronal pulp extend from
the roof under the cusp or mamelons.
Radicular pulp
Coronal pulp
Pulp Horn
2. Radicular pulp: found within the root canal
- The size of radicular pulp decreases apically as the root canal becomenarrower.

1 Labial surface That surface faced toward the lip.
2Lingual surface That surface faced toward the tongue.
3-Mesial Surface That surface faced toward the midline.
4-Distal surface That surface faced away from midline.
5-Incisal surface  Incisal ridge = Incisal edge.
 The functioning surface of the crown.
 Faced toward the apposing teeth.

1-Buccal surface  That surface faced toward the check.
2-Lingual surface  That surface faced toward the tongue.
3-Mesial surface  That surface faced toward the midline. 4-
Distal surface  That surface faced away from midline.
5-Occlusal surface  That functioning surface of the crown
 Faced toward the opposing teeth.

Classification Of Anterior Teeth Into Thirds
 Labial and lingual Surfaces: is classified horizontally into threethirds:
1. Incisal Third. 2. Middle Third. 3. Cervical Third.
 Labial and lingual Surfaces: is classified longitudinally into three thirds:
1. Mesial Third. 2. Middle Third.
 Proximal Surfaces: is classified horizontally
1. Incisal Third. 2. Middle Third. 3.
 Proximal Surfaces: is classified longitudinally into three thirds:
Labial Third. 2. Middle Third. 3.
3. Distal Th
into three thi
Cervical Th
Lingual Th
ird.
rds:
ird.
1.
ird.
 Root of Anterior Teeth: is classified horizontally only into threethirds:
1. Cervical Third. 2. Middle Third. 3. Apical Third.

Classification Of Posterior Teeth Into Thirds
 Buccal and lingual Surfaces: is classified horizontally into threethirds:
1. Occlusal Third. 2. Middle Third. 3. Cervical Third.
 Buccal and lingual Surfaces: is classified longitudinally into three thirds:
1. Mesial Third. 2. Middle Third.
 Proximal Surfaces: is classified horizontally
1. Occlusal Third. 2. Middle Third. 3.
3. Distal T
into three t
Cervical T
hird.
hirds:
hird.
1.
 Proximal Surfaces: is classified longitudinally into threethirds:
Buccal Third. 2. Middle Third. 3. Lingual Third.
 Root of Posterior Teeth: is classified horizontally only into three thirds:
1. Cervical Third. 2. Middle Third. 3. Apical Third.

Line angles Of Teeth
Definition:
Line angle is the line of meeting of two adjacent surfaces in tooth.
Line angles af anterior teeth:
Six in number: (IMP)
1.Mesiolabial line angle.
2.Distolabial line angle.
3.Mesiolingual line angle.
4.Distolingual line angle.
5.Incisolabial line angle.
6.Incisolingual line angle.
Line angles af posterior teeth:
Eight in number: (IMP)
1.Mesiobuccal line angle.
2.Distobuccal line angle.
3.Mesiolingual line angle.
4.Distolingual line angle.
5.Occlusobuccal line angle.
6.Occlusolingual line angle.
7.Occlusomesial line angle.
8.Occlusodistal line angle.

Point angles Of Teeth
Definition:
Point angle is the point of meeting of three adjacent surfaces in tooth.
point angles of anterior teeth
(Four): 1.Mesio-labio-incisal
point angle. 2.Disto-labio-incisal
point angle. 3.Mesio-linguo-
incisal point angle. 4.Disto-
linguo-incisal point angle.
point angles of posterior teeth (Four):
1.Mesio-bucco-occlusal point angle.
2.Disto-bucco-occlusal point angle.
3.Mesio-linguo-occlusal point
angle. 4.Disto-linguo-occlusal point
angle.

Dental Formula
Definition:
-Dental formula describe the dentition of one side of the mouth (upper and lower).
-Dental formula written by letter, number and horizontal lines.
1-The letter designate the type of the teeth.
2- Horizontal line for each tooth type.
3-Number to designate the teeth in the same type.
a-The number above the line mean upper teeth.
b-The number below the line mean lower teeth.
Dental Formula Of Permanent Teeth Dental Formula Of Deciduous Teeth

Numbering System of Teeth
Identification System of Teeth
Definition:
It is a system used to identify the tooth category:
1. Type of tooth (permanent or deciduous).
2. Type of tooth (maxillary or mandibular).
3. Type of tooth (right or left).
4. Type of tooth (central or lateral) (1st, 2nd or3rd).
5. Type of tooth (incisor, canine, premolar, or molar.

1- Palmer Notation System
Definition:
Palmer Notation System is a system used to identify the tooth.
This system use:
1.Vertical midline.
2. Horizontal line forming the cross shape.
3. Number in permanent teeth begin from central incisor as number 1,
and the number 8 is the third molar.
4. Letter in deciduous Teeth begin from capital letter Afor central
incisor , to letter E for second deciduous molar .

E D C B A
E D C B A
A B C D E
A B C D E
Numbering System of Teeth
Palmer Notation System For Permanent Teeth
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Palmer Notation System For Deciduous Teeth

6
=
6
= Maxillary right first permanent molar
B
=
B
= Mandibular left lateral deciduous incisor
Examples:

2. Two Digit System (FDI) = International System
Definition:
Two digit System is a system used to identify the tooth by using two numbers.while,
second number is the number of tooth.
This system use:
1.The first number is the number of quadrant.
For permanent teeth: Quadrant number 1 is the upper right quadrant.The number
of quadrants turned in clock wise direction in which the number 2 is the upper left,
3 is
the lower left, and 4 is the lower right.
For deciduous teeth: Quadrant number 5 is the upper right quadrant.The number
of quadrants turned in clock wise direction in which the number 6 is the upper left,
7 is
the lower left, and 8 is the lower right.
2. The second number is the number of tooth:

Maxillary
Right
Permanent
Quadrant
Maxillary
Left
Permanent
Quadrant
Mandibular
Right
Permanent
Quadrant
left
Permanent
Quadrant
3Mandibular
1 2
4
First digit:
Maxillary
Right
Deciduou
s
Quadrant
Maxillary
Left
Deciduous
Quadrant
Mandibular
Right
Deciduous
Quadrant
left
Deciduous
Quadrant
7Mandibular
5 6
8

Second Digit For Deciduous Teeth:
61 62 63 64
65
55 54 53 52 51
85 84 83 82
81
71 72 73 74
75• Examples:
84 : Four eight is the Mandibular right first deciduous molar.
35 : Three five is the Mandibular left second premolar.
Note that: Each number must vocalize separately.
Second Digit For Permanent Teeth:(Black Color Number)
18 17 16 15 14 13
12 11
48 47 46 45 44 43 42
41
31 32 33 34 35 36 37
38
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28

3- Universal System
Definition:
Palmer Notation System is a system used to identify the tooth.
This system use:
1. Number in permanent teeth: Begin from Maxillary Right Third Molar as (1),
turned in clock-wise direction and end at Mandibular Right Third Molar as(32).
2.Letter in deciduous Teeth: Begin from Maxillary Right second Deciduous Molar as
(A), and turned in clock-wise direction which end at the Mandibular Right Second
Deciduous Molar as (T).
3. Write # : Beside the number or letter to differentiate it from the other systems.

F G H I J
A B C D E
T S R Q P O N M L K
• Examples:
Q# : Mandibular Right Second Deciduous Incisor.
21# : Mandibular Left First Premolar.
Universal System Of Permanent Teeth
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
32 31 30 29 28 27 26
25
24 23 22 21 20 19 18
17
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
16
Universal System Of Deciduous Teeth

Anatomical Landmarks
Of Crown:
I- Elevated Landmarks
II- Depressed Landmarks

1. Lobe:
Lobe is one of the primary centers
of calcification and growth formed
during development of the crown.
Mature form of the lobes are :
cusps, mamelon and cingulum.
2. Mamelon:
Mamelon is any one of three small
rounded elevations located on the
incisal ridge of newly erupted
permanent incisors only.
By time due to friction of eating:
Attrition occurred to mamelons and
become incisal ridge.
Mamelons
I- Elevated Landmarks

3.
Cingulum
Definition:
Large rounded elevation on the cervical third of lingual surface of
anterior teeth.
Site:
Permanentand deciduous incisors.
Permanent and deciduous canine.

4. Cusp
Definition:
Cusp is an elevation of various size and
shape. Origin:
Cusp denote a mature form of lobe.
Site:
1.located on the occlusal surface of posterior teeth.
2. incisal third of canine.
Shape:
Cusp is pyramidal structure has four surfaces and four
ridges
Structure:
Cusp is composed of enamel, dentin and have a pulp
horn .

Classification of teeth according to cusp number:
1.One cusp (termed Cuspid tooth): Canine.
2.Two cusps (termed Bicuspid tooth): premolars except
mandibular second premolar.
3.Three cusps: mandibular second premolar and may be
maxillary third molar.
4.Four cusps: maxillary molars, mandibular permanent second
and third molars, and mandibular deciduous first molar.
5.Five cusps: mandibular permanent first molar, mandibular
deciduous second molar.

Tubercle
•Definition:
Tubercle is a small elevation on the crown surface result from
excessive formation of enamel.
•Sites:
Palatal surface of maxillary first permanent molar and maxillary
second deciduous molar.
•Terminology:
Cusp Of Carabelli
•Difference between tubercle and cusp:
The tubercle is composed of enamel only .

Definition:
Ridge is a linear elevation on the crown.
I. Types of Ridges according to location:
1. Labial ridge:
It is a ridge extend vertically from cervical ridge to cusp tip ofcanine.
Site: Labial surface of canine.
2. Lingual ridge:
It is a ridge extend vertically from cingulum to cusp tip ofcanine.
Site: Lingual surface of canine.
3. Cervical ridge:
It is a ridge that form the Cervical third of facial surface of allteeth.
More elevated in deciduous teeth.
Ridges

4. Buccal ridge:
It is a ridge extend vertically from cervical ridge to cusp tip of premolars.
Site: Buccal surface of premolars.
5. Proximal marginal ridges:
( Mesial marginal ridge and distal marginal ridges).
A.In anterior teeth :
The marginal ridge form the mesial and distal margins of the lingual surface.
B. In posterior teeth:
The marginal ridge form the mesial and distal margins of the occlusal surface.
6. Incisal ridge:
• It is a ridge found at the incisal margin of anterior teeth.
• by time and attrition it become incisal edge.
7. Cusp ridge:
It is a ridge extend from cusp tip and descend toward mesial or distal surface .
Site: Buccal surface of premolars.

Crown Elevations:
1 Cingulum
2 Marginal ridges:
A. Mesial marginal ridges.
B.Distal marginal ridges.
3- Incisal ridge.
4- Cusp ridges:
A. Mesial cusp ridges.
B. Distal cusp ridges.
5- Lingual ridge.
1
2
1
2
3
4
5

II. Types of Ridges according to shape:
1. Triangular ridge:
oIt is a ridge begin from the cusp tip toward the center of occlusal surface.
oIt named triangular ridge because the slope of each side of the ridge are inclined
to resemble a two sides of triangle.
oAlso, it is named occlusal ridge.
2. Transverse ridge:
oSite Occlusal surface of lower first premolar.
oShape This ridge will cross the occlusal surface transversely.
oResult from Union of triangular ridges of buccal and lingual cusps.
3. Oblique ridge:
oSite Occlusal surface of maxillary molars.
oShape This ridge will cross the occlusal surface obliquely.
oResult from Union of two triangular ridges of mesiolingual cusp and distobuccal
cusp.

Triangular ridge Transverse ridge Oblique ridge
Tubercle of Carabelli.

II- Depressed Landmarks
1. Developmental Groove:
Definition:
Developmental Groove Linear depressions found on occlusal surface and may
extend labially, buccally, lingually or mesially.
Origin:
Lineof fusion of primary lobes.
Types:
1. Central developmental groove on the occlusal surface of teeth.
2. Buccal developmental groove: Comes from occlusal to the buccal surface.
3. Lingual developmental groove: Comes from occlusal to lingual surface.
4. Mesial developmental groove: Comes from occlusal to mesial surface of
maxillary first premolar.
5. Labial developmental groove: Comes from incisal to labial surface.

Central Developmental Groove
Lingual developmental Groove
Buccal Developmental Groove

2. Supplemental groove:
Definition:
 Supplemental groove is a shallow linear
depression on the occlusal surface
branched from the developmental groove.
Origin:
 They are auxiliary grooves radiating from
developmental groove.
 They are do not represent union between
lobes.
Site:
 Third molar and maxillary second premolars
are the common sites.
Central Developmental Groove
supplemental Grooves (red)

3. Fissure:
Definition:
 Fissure is a deep linear cleft on the
occlusal or buccal surfaces found
in the bottom of the developmental
groove.
Origin:
 Fissure result from
incomplete union of enamel
between lobes.
Clinical significance:
 Fissure is the most common site for
development of dental caries.
Complete union
of enamel.
Incomplete union
of enamel.
4. Sulcus:
Definition:
 Sulcus is a long tent shaped depression passing between the cusp
tips of the occlusal surface of posterior teeth.

5. Fossa:
Fossa is a round or triangular shallow
depression.
Types and Site:
A. Central fossa:
 Union between three or four lobes.
 On the central part of occlusal surface
of both molars and second mandibular
premolars.
B. Mesial and distal triangular fossa:
On the occlusal surface of posterior teeth
beside marginal ridges.
C. Lingual fossa:
 On the lingual surface of anterior teeth.
 Lingual fossa of canine is divided into
two lingual fossae by lingual ridge.

5. Pits:
• Pit is a pin point depression found in the
bottom of fossa.
Origin:
 pits result from incomplete union of
enamel between lobes.
Site:
A. Occlusal surface of posterior teeth.
B. Lingual surface of anterior teeth
commonly in maxillary permanent lateral
incisor.
C. Buccal and lingual surface at the end of
buccal and lingual developmental
groove ( termed faulty pit).
Common caries in the oral cavity:
Pit and fissure caries.

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