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Similar to Production Technology and Post-Harvest Management in Hazelnut,HOR-1303,Corylus avellana,Betulaceae,Hazelnut,European Filbert, Cobnut, Bhotia badam
Production Technology and Post-Harvest Management in Hazelnut,HOR-1303,Corylus avellana,Betulaceae,Hazelnut,European Filbert, Cobnut, Bhotia badam
- 1. Submitted To- Dr. HarpalSingh Assistant Professor Submitted by- Sanjeev Yadav Id.No.- BGJ1562303 M.Sc. (Ag.) Horticulture HOR-1303- Minor Fruit Production
- 2. Content… Introduction Areaand production Climate and soil Botany Propagation Varieties Insect management Disease management Harvesting and Yield Post-Harvest Uses
- 3. Introduction Botanical Name-Corylus avellana Family- Betulaceae Chromosome number- 2n=22 Origin- Asia Minor Common Name- Hazelnut Other Name- European Filbert, Cobnut, Bhotia badam Two species of filbert- C. americana and C. cornuta are native to North America. Although it is a introduced crop in India but native hazel (C. colurna) also exists in forests of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand.
- 4. Area and production The main hazelnut producing countries are Turkey, Italy, Spain, USA and Greece. Although hazelnut is also produced in the Former Soviet Union, Iran, Romania and France, these countries do not have a major input in the world hazelnut trade. Turkey is the first world hazelnut producer and exporter. In India the major areas having stands of seedling populations are in Himachal Pradesh in some parts of Rampur, Rohru, Kotkhai tehsils; Bahali, Sungri, Badseri, and Jareshi area of Shimla district, and Sangla (Chansu), Nichar, and Katgaon of Kinnaur district and Pangi tehsil of Chamba district.
- 5. Turkey 75% Italy 7% Azerbaijan 3% USA 3% Chile 3% Georgia 2% Iran 2% Other 5% Turkey Italy AzerbaijanUSA Chile Georgia Iran Other
- 6. Climate and soil The preferred climate for hazelnut is mild summer and cool winter. It can be grown at elevation of 1,800-3,300 m. Longer periods of chilling are required to ensure fruit fullness and reliable nut yields. Chilling requirements vary for male catkins, female flowers and leaf buds but about 1,200 hours between 5-7°C are suitable. For female flowers, frost pockets and temperatures below -5°C should be avoided when it begins to open. Low temperatures followed by warmer weather near the end of winter are ideal for fruiting. More than 750 mm annual rainfall is required for good production, and supplementary irrigation is useful during the establishment stage. Hazelnuts require a well-drained soil about 1.8 m deep. A neutral to slightly acidic soil (pH about 6) is suitable. Lime should be applied below pH 5.6
- 7. Botany Fruit type-Single seed nut Edible part- Cotyledon (Seed) Inflorescence- Catkin Monoecious flowers
- 8. Life Cycle ofHazelnut
- 9. Propagation Hazelnut treesare commonly raised from seed but show wide variation. Grafting and budding methods are more superior and can be used commercially. Rooted suckers of Corylus avellera species are used as rootstocks. Mostly seedling of hazelnut are used as rootstock but Corylus colurna species (Turkish hazel nut) has also been recommended.
- 10. Varieties There areno standard named varieties under cultivation in India. The trees are mostly of seedling origin. Some of the important varieties which could be cultivated commercially in India. Daviana, Halsche reisun, romisch zeller, lambert filbert, tonda giffoni, tonda romana, gentile delle langhe, barcelona, duchilley. Other good varieties are Cosford Cob, Pearson's Prolific, Atlas, Hempless and Tomollo.
- 11. Insect management Inhazelnut Nut weevil is major insect. Aphid, eye spotted bud moth, Filbert bud mite, Filbert leaf roller, Filbert worm are minor insect attacking hazelnut. Spray azadirachtin oil (Neem oil) for organic control. Growing insect pest registrant varieties. Dimethoate 30 EC or Methyldemeton 25 EC 1 ml/l for aphid control. Spray application of Fenthion 100 EC 1 ml/l.
- 12. Disease management Filbertblight is caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas arboricola pv. corylina (also called Xanthomonas campestris pv. corylina). Losses due to this disease are most commonly seen in young, establishing trees less than 6 years of age, or in much stressed trees. The disease is lethal to commercially important European hazelnuts.
- 13. Harvesting and Yield It matures with nut turning brown but it is better to wait till the nuts start falling from the tree. Nuts are generally harvested with hand rakes. The removal of blank nuts or nuts with shriveled kernels is essential to keep quality high but identification of blank nuts is difficult. With small quantities, nuts can be placed in water and the blanks floated off. Following collection, the nuts should be cleaned and dried to approximately 8-10% moisture. In the case of some confectionery companies, 6% moisture is the maximum requirement. Temperatures of 32-38°C are commonly used for drying. The bright colour of nut can be retained by mixing them with common salt. The optimum temperature for roasting is 148- 155°C for 7 min. Hazelnuts begin to bear when approximately 3-year-old and yields at 6 yrs approach 2 to 2.5 kg/tree. Mature trees grown without irrigation or fertilisers can produce 20-25 kg/tree. With intensive management, yields can be up to 40 kg/tree. The trees are fairly reliable in cropping and are long living. Many trees give profitable yields up to the age of 70-80 years.
- 14. Post-Harvest Uses Cookies Candies Cakes and chocolates Cereals Biscotti Breads and pasta Beverages Butters
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