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- 1.
- 2. Euthanasia • Euthanasia theact of inducing the humane death in an animal.
- 3. • Euthanasia termcomes from the Greek words “Eu” means “good” and “Thanatos” which means “death”. • The act of inducing the humane death in an animal by the methods that induced rapid loss of consciousness and death with minimum of pain, discomfort and distress.
- 4. Purpose of Euthanasia •Scientific research: Animals may need to be euthanized for research purposes, such as collecting blood and tissues, or at the end of an experiment. • Pain and distress: Animals may need to be euthanized if they are experiencing pain or distress that can't be alleviated. • Incurable conditions: Animals may need to be euthanized if they have an incurable or painful condition or disease. • Lack of resources: Animals may need to be euthanized if there aren't enough resources to continue supporting them. • Pest control: Animals may need to be euthanized to control vertebrate pests. • Slaughter: Animals may need to be euthanized for slaughter at abattoirs. • Unwanted pets: Animals may need to be euthanized if they are strays or unwanted pets that can't be rehomed.
- 5. Techniques should resultin • Rapid unconsciousness • Cardiac arrest • Respiratory arrest • Loss of brain function • The technique should result in minimum stress and anxiety experiences by the animal prior to death. • Personnel should have appropriate training and experiences in techniques and animal handling.
- 6. Things to consider •Ability to induce death or unconsciousness without pain or stress • Time required for the induction of the unconsciousness • Reliability of the method and safety of the personnel • Emotional effect on observers and operators • Drugs availability • Legal requirements • Cost
- 7. Methods of Euthanasia Methodsof euthanasia fall into two broad categories. Physical methods chemical methods Chemical method includes Inhalant agents: Ether, halothane, methoxyflurane, isoflurane, enflurane, chloroform, nitrogen, nitrous oxide, carbon di oxide, carbon monoxide, argon, hydrogen cyanide. • Injectable agents: Barbiturates, chloral hydrate, ethanol, ketamine, magnesium sulphate, neuromuscular blocking agents. Potassium chloride.
- 8. Physical methods Physical methodsare appropriate in three general situations I. with easily handled small animals whose anatomic features are compatible with the method used. II. with large farm animals. III. And in situations in which other methods might invalidate the experimental results. • Some people consider physical methods of euthanasia aesthetically displeasing or repulsive. • However, some physical methods cause less fear and anxiety and can be more rapid, painless, humane, and practical than other forms of euthanasia.
- 9. • If theyare not performed correctly, animals might be injured, have various degrees of consciousness, and suffer pain and distress. • Some of the methods, particularly stunning and pithing, do not ensure death and therefore necessitate follow up measures, such as decapitation. • Before using physical methods, inexperienced persons should practice on carcasses or anesthetized animals that are scheduled for euthanasia until they are proficient in performing the methods properly and humanely.
- 10. Physical methods includes •Penetrating captive bolt • Euthanasia by the blow to the head • Gunshot • Cervical dislocation • Decapitation • Electrocution • Microwave irradiation • Thoracic ( cardiopulmonary , cardiac compression ) • Kill traps • Maceration Adjunctive methods • Stunning • Pithing
- 11. Penetrating captive bolt •Mode of action is concussion and trauma to the cerebral hemisphere and brainstem. • Used for euthanasia of ruminants, horses, swine, laboratory rabbits, and dogs. Advantages the penetrating captive bolt is an effective method of euthanasia for use in slaughterhouses, in research facilities, and on the farm when use of drugs is inappropriate. Disadvantages • It is aesthetically displeasing. • Death may not occur if equipment is not maintained and used.
- 12. PROCEDURE • 1.Restraint Restrain theanimal to minimize movement and stress. This can be done using a chute or a squeeze gate. • 2. Positioning Position the animal to allow for easy access to the head. • 3. Verification of Identity Verify the identity of the animal to ensure that the correct animal is being euthanized. Euthanasia Procedure • 1.Loading the Captive Bolt • Gun Load the captive bolt gun with a cartridge, following the manufacturer's instructions. • 2. Placement of the Gun Place the gun on the animal's forehead, typically in the center, just above the eyes.
- 13. • 3. Aiming Aimthe gun to ensure that the bolt will penetrate the brain. • 4. Firing Fire the gun, which will drive the bolt into the animal's brain. • 5. Immediate Inspection • Immediately inspect the animal to ensure that it has been euthanized humanely.
- 15. Euthanasia by blowto the head • Euthanasia by a blow to the head must be evaluated in terms of the anatomic features of the species on which it is to be performed. • Using of hard heavy and blunt instrument such as metal pipe and wooden club to deliver a precise blow to skull. • Holding animal from its hind quarter and swinging it in arc to strike the back of its head against hard object.
- 16. Gunshot • A properlyplaced gunshot can cause immediate insensibility . humane death. • In some circumstances, a gunshot may be the only practical method of euthanasia. Advantages Loss of consciousness is instantaneous if the projectile destroys most of the brain. Given the need to minimize stress induced by handling and human contact, gunshot may at times be the most practical and logical method of euthanasia of wild or free-ranging species. Disadvantages • Gunshot may be dangerous to personnel. • It is aesthetically unpleasant. • Under field conditions, it may be difficult to hit the vital target area.
- 17. Cervical dislocation • Performedby well trained individuals, appears to be humane. Advantages Cervical dislocation is a technique that may induce rapid loss of consciousness. It does not chemically contaminate tissue. It is rapidly accomplished. Disadvantage • cervical dislocation may be aesthetically displeasing to personnel. • Cervical dislocation requires mastering technical skills to ensure loss of consciousness is rapidly induced. • Its use is limited to poultry, other small birds, mice, and immature rats and rabbits.
- 18. Procedure • Restraining • Holdthe animal firmly to prevent movement. • Locate the cervical vertebrae (neck bones) and identify the atlanto-occipital joint. • Apply firm, rapid pressure to the joint to dislocate. • Verify the animal death by checking signs such as breathing and heart beat.
- 19. Decapitation • The removalof head from body with sharp knife or blade in one go. It provides a means to recover tissues and body fluids that are chemically uncontaminated. Advantages Decapitation is a technique that appears to induce rapid loss of consciousness. • It does not chemically contaminate tissues. • It is rapidly accomplished. Disadvantages • Handling and restraint required to perform this technique may be distressful to animals.
- 20. Electrocution • Electrocution, usingalternating current, has been used as a method euthanasia for species such as dogs, cattle, sheep, swine, foxes, and mink. Electrocution induces death by cardiac fibrillation, which causes cerebral hypoxia. However, animals do not lose consciousness for 10 to 30 seconds or more after onset of cardiac fibrillation. • Advantages Electrocution is humane if the animal is first rendered unconscious. • It does not chemically contaminate tissues. • It is economical. Disadvantages • Electrocution may be hazardous to personnel. • When conventional single-animal probes are used, it may not be a useful method for mass euthanasia because so much time is required per animal.
- 21. Microwave irradiation • Heatingby microwave irradiation is used primarily neurobiologists to fix brain metabolites in vivo while maintaining the anatomic integrity of the brain. • Use in euthanasia of laboratory mice and rats. Advantages • Loss of consciousness is achieved in less than 100ms and death in less than I second. • This is the most effective method to fix brain tissue in vivo for subsequent assay of enzymatically labile chemicals. Disadvantages Instruments are expensive. Only animals the size of mice and rats can be euthanatized with commercial instruments that are currently available.
- 22. Thoracic (cardiopulmonary, cardiac compression) •Thoracic (cardiopulmonary, cardiac) compression is used to euthanatize small- to medium-sized free ranging birds when alternate techniques are not practical. Advantages • This technique is rapid. • It is apparently painless. • It maximizes carcass use for analytical/contaminant studies. Disadvantages • It may be considered aesthetically unpleasant on lookers. • The degree of distress is unknown.
- 23. Procedure • 1.Hold thebird firmly, but not too tightly, to prevent movement. • 2. Locate the Thoracic Cavity Locate the thoracic cavity (chest area) and identify the keel bone (breastbone). • 3. Apply Pressure Apply firm, gentle pressure to the thoracic cavity, compressing the lungs and heart. • 4. Verify Death Verify that the bird is deceased by checking for vital signs, such as breathing and heartbeat.
- 24. Consideration • 1. Thoraciccompression may not be suitable for all bird species. • 2. Thoracic compression may not be suitable for very young or very small birds. • 3. Understanding the muscle anatomy involved in thoracic compression can help ensure proper technique and humane euthanasia. • 4. The muscle anatomy and technique may vary depending on the bird species.
- 25. Kill traps • Mechanicalkill traps are used for the collection and killing of free-ranging mammals for commercial purposes (fur, skin, or meat scientific purposes, to stop property damage, and to protect human safety. Advantage Free-ranging small mammals may be killed with minimal distress associated with handling and human contact. Disadvantages Traps may not afford death within acceptable time periods. • Selectivity and efficiency is dependent on the skill and proficiency of the operator.
- 26. Maceration • Maceration viause of a specially designed mechanical apparatus rotating blades or projections, causes immediate fragmentation and death of day-old poultry and embryonated eggs. Advantages • Death is almost instantaneous. • The method is safe for workers. • Large numbers of animals can be killed quickly. Disadvantages • Special equipment is required. • Macerated tissues may present biosecurity risks.
- 27. Other methods • Stunning •Pithing • Stunning and pithing, when properly done, induce loss of consciousness but do not ensure death. these methods must be used only in conjunction with other procedures, such as pharmacologic agents exsanguination, or decapitation to euthanatize the animal.
- 28. Stunning • Animals maybe stunned by a blow to the head, by use of a penetrating captive bolt, or by use of electric current. Stunning must be followed immediately by a method that ensures death. • Blow to the head Stunning by a blow to the head is used primarily in small laboratory animals with thin craniums. A single sharp blow must be delivered to the central skull bones with sufficient force to produce immediate depression of the central nervous system. When properly done consciousness is lost rapidly.
- 29. Pithing • pithing isused as an adjunctive procedure to ensure death by means of destruction to the brain tissue in an animal that has been rendered unconscious by other means. For some species, such as frogs, with anatomic features that facilitate easy access to the central nervous system, pithing may be used as a sole means of euthanasia, but an anesthetic overdose is a more suitable method.
- 30. chemical Euthanasia useofchemicalstoeuthanize theanimals. Mammals Dogs,Cats Pentobarbital (Barbiturate) | 100-150 mg/kg IV | Dogs, Cats T-61 (Barbiturate) | 0.3- 0.5 mL/kg IV | Horses Pentobarbital (Barbiturate) | 100- 150 mg/kg IV Cattle Pentobarbital (Barbiturate) | 100-150 mg/kg IV | Pigs Pentobarbital (Barbiturate) | 100-150 mg/kg IV | Sheep, Goats Pentobarbital (Barbiturate) | 100-150 mg/kg IV | Rabbits Pentobarbital (Barbiturate) | 100- 150 mg/kg IV | Rodents Carbon dioxide (CO2) | 70-100% CO2 | Rodents Pentobarbital (Barbiturate) | 100- 150 mg/kg IP |
- 31. Birds Chickens, Turkeys Carbondioxide (CO2) | 70-100% CO2 | Chickens, Turkeys Pentobarbital (Barbiturate) | 100-150 mg/kg IV | Pet birds Isoflurane (Inhalant anesthetic) | 3-5% Isoflurane | Snakes, Lizards Isoflurane (Inhalant anesthetic) | 3- 5% Isoflurane | Turtles, Tortoises Pentobarbital (Barbiturate) | 100-150 mg/kgIV | Frogs, Toads Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS 222) | 500-1000 mg/L |
- 32. •Fish Tricaine methanesulfonate 100-200 mg/L| •Fish Clove oil (Eugenol) | 0.5-1.0 mL/L | Fish
- 33. Suitable methods forvarious species Dogs and cats Barbiturates, Carbon dioxide (small dogs) Rabbits Barbiturates, Stunning, Cervical dislocation (small rabbits), Carbon dioxide
- 34. Rodents Carbon dioxide, Barbiturates, Cervical dislocation (<200 g), Stunning, Decapitation Birds Carbon dioxide, Barbiturates, Cervical dislocation, Decapitation, Stunning
- 35. Rodents Carbon dioxide, Barbiturates, Cervical dislocation (<200 g), Stunning, Decapitation Nonhuman primates Barbiturates
- 36. Birds Carbon dioxide, Barbiturates, Cervical dislocation, Decapitation, Stunning Snakesand lizard Barbiturates or inhalant anesthetics, Stunning
- 37. Turtles, terrapins, and tortoises Barbituratesor inhalant anesthetics, Stunning Crocodilians Barbiturates, Gunshot
- 38. Post euthanasia management •Disposal Dispose of the animal's body in accordance with local regulations and guidelines. • Cleaning and Disinfection Clean and disinfect the equipment and area to prevent the spread of disease.