PRACTICAL-RESEARCH-1.pptx

Research Skills
• Reading
• Observing
• Listening
• Watching
• Choosing
• Questioning
• Summarizing
• Organizing
• Writing
• Presenting/communicating
• For each of the skills, give
yourself a grade on a
scale of 1(low) to
10(high).
• Which skills do you
consider yourself to be
best at?

What is research?
• Searching for a theory, for testing theory for problem solving
• It means a problem was identified and it needs solution or
improvement
• A systematic controlled, empirical, and critical investigation of
hypothetical propositions about the presumed relations among
natural phenomenon (Kerlinger, 1973)
• Systematic collection and interpretation of data to illuminate,
describe or explain new facts and relationships (Treece, 2002)

Why conduct research?
(Importance of research in daily life)
1. Efficiency and Effectiveness in the profession
• The primary reason for conducting research is
to foster optimum care for life. The scientific
profession exists to provide service to society
based on accurate knowledge. The scientific
method is conceived to be the most objective,
systematic way of obtaining these knowledge.

2. Worth and Value of Research to
Education/Profession and to Society/Life
• Scientific knowledge is indispensable to man’s
survival. Research helps professionals deliver
quality education services. It provides proofs
or evidences to validate and justify the
professional existence in the society.

3. Identifying, Implementing and Evaluating
Effective Decisions and actions in Life.
Scientific researches assess individuals or
groups plan of actions as basis for accurate
inventions and decisions in life.

4. Research, has the Potential for providing Quality
life. It is concerned with the following tasks:
a. The systematic study of problems or phenomena,
using the scientific process of assessing, planning,
implementing and evaluating life.
b. Appropriateness of Technology use.
c. Identifying interventions that can help individuals
respond to changed. The initiation and assessment
of change as a result of new knowledge or
technology application.

Reasons for Conducting Research
1. Gathers data or information on life situations
or conditions about which little knowledge is
available. Identify research gap
in different areas.
2. Provides scientific knowledge from which
theories emerge and develop.
Consequently, theories derived from research
findings serves as bases and guide to scientific
practice and future researches.

3. Helps correct, clarify and validate
perceptions.
Knowledge is never absolute, its value is
either diminishing or increasing
depending on the extent of its use. However,
this knowledge must be continuously
tested and validated through research.

4. Provides theoretical and scientific basis for scientific practice.
Research helps improve science and technology practice, firms
up the credibility of ones profession; defines the accountability
of scientific practice, and documents the cost effectiveness of
science and technology.
5. Defines the parameters of research and identifies its boundaries.
Research helps expand knowledge and use of the technology
process in life situations. This consists of assessment, planning
actions or intervention, evaluation and documentation of life
situations.

6. Documents the social relevance and efficacy of scientific
practices to people and environment.
Research enables men to verify the strengths and
weaknesses of certain modalities of education and their
implications in the process of meeting the needs and
problems of people;
7. Describes the characteristics of the phenomenon/situation
about which little knowledge is known.
More issues and concerns about technology,
climate change, and food security, and health care arise as
technology advances.

8. Predicts probable outcomes of scientific decisions in
relation to life comfort and wellbeing.
Research makes it easy for professionals to forecast the
effects or consequences of certain actions and helps
anticipate shortfalls.
9. Provides knowledge for purposes of problem solving and
decision making.
Knowledge that relate to social, economic, political,
cultural and technological phenomena may have serious
implications to life and social practice as it is used in
deciding better ways of solving problems.

10. Develops and evaluates theories and concepts, and
practices these for clarity and validity of scientific actions.
Research helps knowledge grow and develop,
determines its significance in order to modify or develop
new ones, and or revise these knowledge, based on
current research findings.
11. Prevents undesirable human reactions.
Research predicts outcome and potential problems,
hence it requires the balancing of phenomena that will
generate positive results and control undesirable outcome;
and

12. Develops a considerable degree of confidence.
Professional undertakings are intended
to achieve desired men behaviors. Adequate
knowledge sustains self-confidence that
makes work easier and lighter, unburdened
with uncertainties and doubtful consequences of
actions intended to restore men’s
comfort and makes life easier.

General and Specific
Purposes of Research
1. Description - Research describes phenomenon.
• Example: care.
• Refers to services rendered by professional
and non-professional nursing personnel
to respond to the health needs and problems of
individuals, families, groups, and communities,
intended to bring comfort and ease to clients.

2. Exploration - Research explores the phenomenon.
Examples:
“What factors influence, affect or relate to the
adjustment of salary increase among teachers?”
3. Explanation - Research seeks clarification of a
prevailing situation to answer questions that ask “why”
a phenomenon occurred.
Examples:
“Why does climate change occur ?”

4. Prediction and Control - Research anticipates
possible psychology and physiological
reactions to nursing interventions.
Example:
“Incidence of low performance in math in
young learners is expected to increase with
the millennium age”

Criteria for Choice of Research
Problems
• Significance of the Problem
• Problem Research ability
• Feasibility of the problem
• Potentials of the Researchers

Ethical Principles and Guidelines for
Researchers
1. Informed Consent
The participants must be fully informed about the nature of
research, its purposes and potential risk and benefits.
2. Beneficence and Nonmaleficence.
This is a fundamental ethical principle in research, which
means, “to do good” and “to do no harm” to study participants.
3. Respect for Human Dignity
The rights of the study participants must be well protected and
respected.

Ethical Principles and Guidelines for
Researchers
4. Justice and Fairness
Study participants deserve fair and equitable
treatment before, during and after the study period.
The researcher should provide equal chances in the
selection process, must comply with agreements in
regard to procedures, techniques or benefits due to
participants.
5. Intellectual honesty and respect
Giving acknowledgment/recognition or due
respect to the original/previous work of art.

Quantitative vs. Qualitative Research
Quantitative
Associated with tradition
(there is reality out there
that can be studied and
known)
Qualitative
Associated with Naturalistic
inquiry (reality is not a fixed
entity but rather a
construction of individual
participating in research)

Quantitative
Gathers numerical values as
its data
Qualitative
Gathers narrative
description as its data

Quantitative
investigates concepts,
constructs and variables
Qualitative
Investigates phenomena,
and concepts

Quantitative
Uses control (imposing
condition so that biases are
minimized and validity and
precision are maximized)
Qualitative
Use subjectivity that
enriches the
analytical insights.

Quantitative
Gathers empirical evidence
(from objective reality
collected through senses)
Qualitative
Gather information, insights
that lead to search for
further evidence
(subjective)

Quantitative
Takes place both in natural
as well as in
laboratory setting
Qualitative
Takes place in the field

Quantitative Qualitative

Types of Qualitative Research
Phenomenological research-concerned with
lived experience of human. It is an approach
to thinking about what life experiences of
people are like and what they mean.

Grounded theory research -seeks to describe
and understand the key social psychological
and structural processes that occur a social
setting. A major component is the discovery of
a core variable that is central in explaining
what is going on in that social scene.

Ethnographical research -the primary research
tradition within anthropology, which provides
a framework for studying the meanings,
patterns, and experiences of a defined cultural
group in a holistic fashion.

Historical research -narrative description or
analysis of events that occurred in the remote
or recent past.

Case studies -in Depth examination and
analysis of people or group of people in
relation to nursing issues or problems that are
important to the client and the researcher.

Field studies -natural investigations done in the
community, such as in nursing home, housing
projects and clinical wards.

Types of Quantitative Research
• Descriptive research - Objective is accurate depiction of
the characteristics of a person, situation or groups and or
frequency with which certain phenomenon occurs.
• Correlational research- Express the interrelationship
among variables of interest without any active intervention
by the researcher
• Quasi-experimental research-conducted to determine the
effects of treatment or independent variables on the
dependent or outcome variables. It lacks the control of the
design, sample or setting.*Experimental research-it
examines the cause and effect relationship between
independent and dependent variables under highly
controlled conditions

Other types of research according to
purpose
Basic Research
• To widen the knowledge
base
• Formulation or
refinement of theory
• For discovery of general
principles
Applied Research
• finding solutions for existing
problems
• Focuses on factors which
can be changed by
intervention to achieve a
desired goal
• For solving problems

Other types of research according to
purpose
Exploratory Research
• Begins with phenomenon of
interest then
investigates the full
nature of the phenomenon,
the manner in which it is
manifested and the other
factors to which it is related.
Explanatory Research
• The goal is to understand
the underpinnings of
specific natural phenomena
and to explains systematic
relationships among
phenomena

Suggested Topics
• information about the quality of HEIs, schools, review centers
as source for improved student/parent choice.
• the information system of schools to reach out to their
students
• organizational capabilities of an institution
• tracer studies, employment experience of graduates
• profiling and typology of (schools, HEIs) in the following
__________
• socio-economic profile of students in the public schools,
vendors, profile of labor force in different barangays (learn to
use secondary data from NSO,NEDA) any competent agencies

Suggested Topics
• evaluation of projects conducted in the school or
any agency
• partnership between institutions and industries
or agencies in the community.
• Food security
• poverty alleviation
• effect of global warming on education sector
• Gender studies

Suggested Topics
• improving schooling for language minorities
• Multilingual language instruction in the classroom
• Multicultural classroom
• Mapping of reading programs of different schools,
• evaluation of schools materials that may encourage reading or any
cognitive development
• Multi language teaching
• Children’s language development in a multi language or multicultural
environment
• association of Reading, language and play
• children’s language development
• educating children with special needs in speech or language difficulties.

Suggested Topics
• Trends in computer games, TV shows its effects on reading
and English communication development of standardized
English test o rEnglish proficiency test for First
Year, 2nd, 3rd,4th year.
• employment status of ABE graduates of______
• Effectiveness of mother tongue language users in their
English communication
• Culture in the farming community in ______
• Culture of drivers (or groups)
• Income and Expenditure pattern of employees
• Profile of vendors in Bayambang
• Business opportunities in Bayambang

Suggested Topics
• Problems affecting socio economic progress
• Factors behind the socio-economic growth of jobless people
• Commodity flow for priority products in ____
• Reluctance of local entrepreneurs to tap the export market
• Determining the competitiveness of recreational facilities in
Pangasinan
• Values and attitudes of _____ students towards entrepreneurship
• Energy conservation measures in _______
• Assessment of policy implementation of RA___ (solid waste
management)

QUIZ #1
1. Define RESEARCH
2. Give 2 reason why we need to conduct
research? Explain each.
3. Give at least 2 general and specific
Purposes of Research. Explain each.
4. Give at least 2 Ethical Principles and
Guidelines for Researchers. Explain each.

PRACTICAL-RESEARCH-1.pptx

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