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![[1] would normally implicate that the person to be
met was someone other than X’s
wife, mother, sister, and [2] would normally
implicate that the house is other than X’s own.
Based on such cases, it might be said that a lack of
familiarity, ownership is commonly communicated
by the use of the indefinite article ‘ ’.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pragmaticspresentation-140326104049-phpapp01/75/Pragmatics-presentation-24-2048.jpg)
![This claim rests only on the following assumptions:
(i) [3] would normally implicate that X broke X’s own finger
(ii) [4] is completely neutral as to whether or not the car was
X’s own
There is nothing remotely non-literal or non-standard
about these latter uses of ‘a’. Hence [1] and [2] here is a
pragmatic matter (i.e., carried by the speaker’s use of the
indefinite article in this particular context, as opposed to a
matter of what is semantically expressed by ‘a’).](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pragmaticspresentation-140326104049-phpapp01/75/Pragmatics-presentation-26-2048.jpg)
![GCIs are cancelable
“I am meeting a woman this
evening, and she is my mother.”
So, this phenomenon instanced by [1] and [2] is a case
wherein something communicated (with a use of an
expression, in context) seems to be pragmatically
implicated, not semantically expressed.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pragmaticspresentation-140326104049-phpapp01/75/Pragmatics-presentation-27-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byTahira Rauf
Pragmatics presentation
This document provides an overview of pragmatics, including: - Pragmatics is the study of context and implied meaning in language. It examines how language is used in real situations. - Key developments that established pragmatics as a field in linguistics occurred in the 1930s-1980s. - Pragmatics studies implicatures, expressions of distance, and how context contributes to meaning beyond the literal words. It considers relationships between linguistic forms and their users.
In this document
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Overview of pragmatics as a subfield of linguistics, introductions to speakers and context.
Multiple definitions explaining pragmatics, emphasizing context in meaning and examples.
Exploration of syntax, semantics, and their relationship to pragmatics and human communication.
Benefits of understanding implied meanings and challenges in interpretation in pragmatics.
Impact of social norms and context on language use and communication effectiveness.
Discussion on implicature, conversational implicatures, rhetorical questions, and cultural context.
Discussion on implicature, conversational implicatures, rhetorical questions, and cultural context.
Contrast of pragmatic approach with syntactic and semantic perspectives in language analysis.
Citations of studies and works referenced related to the field of pragmatics.
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Pragmatics presentation
- 1.
- 2. Presented to SirKashif Rao Presented by Rabia Mansoor Sahar Rauf KCWU, LHR.
- 4. Subfield ofLinguistics and Semiotics Studies the ways in which context contributes to meaning Word pragmatics comes from Latin pragmaticus - fit for action Term first appeared in linguistic philosophy in 1930’s, by C.W. Morris, Wittgenstein & Austin Developed as subfield of linguistics in the late 1970’s Publication of Journal of Pragmatics, publishing of Pragmatics by Levinson and International Pragmatics Association in 1988 are the three important incidents that mark the recognition of Pragmatics as an independent discipline in Linguistics.
- 5. Definition 1 Pragmatics isthe study of Example‘The chicken is ready to eat’ ‘Sherlock saw the man with
- 6. Definition 2 Pragmatics isthe study of Example:(Shop window)
- 7. Definition 3 Pragmatics isthe study of implicatures; how Example: Do you know where I can get some gas? There‟s a gas station around the corner.
- 8. Example: The bookis lying on that table (close distance) The book is lying on the table next to the wall painted red in the lounge. (long distance) Definition 4 Pragmatics is the study of the expression of
- 9. Pragmatics (contextual meaning) Semantics (literal meaning) Syntax(phrases & sentences) Morphology (words) Phonology (phonemes) Phonetics (Speech sound) Pragmatic s is the study of the expressio n of relative distance
- 10. Syntax • Study ofrelationship between linguistic forms, how they are arranged in sequence and which sequence are well- formed • Without any world of reference or any user of the forms • Example: Cat drinks the milk (SVO)
- 11. Semantics • Study ofthe relationship between linguistic forms and entities in the world i.e. how words literally connect to the things • Semantic analysis – establish relationship between verbal description and state of affairs in the world as true or not • Example: The dog hopped over the mat and played with the ball
- 12. Pragmatics • Study ofrelationships between linguistic forms and the users of those forms - (humans). • Example: Get me a cup of coffee
- 13. Advantages of Pragmaticsin language studying • People‟s intended meaning • Their assumptions • Their purposes or goals • And kind of actions Example: Have you got any cash on you? deep meaning – Can you lend me some money, I don‟t have much on me
- 14. Disadvantages • Difficult toreach to true meaning • We can not get into the mind of the other person • Every individual has his or her own approach of interpreting • Level of understanding varies Example: Red rose. Are you Punjabi?
- 16. Regularity derives fromthe fact that people are members of social groups and follow general patterns of behavior expected from within the group. It is a use of regular patterns of language.
- 17. In a new,unfamiliar social setting we are often unsure about what to say and worry that we might say the wrong thing. In Saudi Arabia questions about one’s health should not be answered with details, instead a phrase 'Praise to God’ is pragmatically appropriate.
- 18. People within alinguistic community have similar basic experiences of the world and share a lot of non-linguistic knowledge. e.g. I found an old bicycle lying on the ground. The chain was rusted and the tires were flat. There is no need to ask why chain and tires are mentioned (knowledge about bicycles)
- 19. Vague Example: I foundan old bicycle. A bicycle has a chain. The chain was rusted. A bicycle also has tires. The tires were flat. This is an example of odd impression, one would assume more is communicated than is said and also gives the impression that other person do not have basic knowledge. In this example, the use of linguistic forms is not inaccurate but one should be careful that the meaning conveyed through pragmatics should not be offensive.
- 20. A pragmatic regularityis a kind of pragmatic implication (i.e., carried by the act of using a particular expression in a particular context, as opposed to being constitutive of what is semantically expressed) So, with a use of a sentence (in context) is a function of two factors:
- 21.
- 22. Paradigmatic examples ofpragmatic regularities include: 1. Gricean generalized conversational implicatures (GCIs) (e.g., ‘X is meeting a woman this evening’) 2. Rhetorical uses of interrogatives (e.g., ‘Who do you think you are?’) 3. Certain kinds of standardized irony (e.g., ‘Way to go, Einstein!’). They are just simply common patterns of usage which regularly convey a certain implicature, independent of what is semantically expressed.
- 23. Generalized conversational implicatures (GCIs) 1.X is meeting woman this evening. 2. X went into house.
- 24. [1] would normallyimplicate that the person to be met was someone other than X’s wife, mother, sister, and [2] would normally implicate that the house is other than X’s own. Based on such cases, it might be said that a lack of familiarity, ownership is commonly communicated by the use of the indefinite article ‘ ’.
- 25. 3. X brokea finger. 4. X has been sitting in a car all morning.
- 26. This claim restsonly on the following assumptions: (i) [3] would normally implicate that X broke X’s own finger (ii) [4] is completely neutral as to whether or not the car was X’s own There is nothing remotely non-literal or non-standard about these latter uses of ‘a’. Hence [1] and [2] here is a pragmatic matter (i.e., carried by the speaker’s use of the indefinite article in this particular context, as opposed to a matter of what is semantically expressed by ‘a’).
- 27. GCIs are cancelable “Iam meeting a woman this evening, and she is my mother.” So, this phenomenon instanced by [1] and [2] is a case wherein something communicated (with a use of an expression, in context) seems to be pragmatically implicated, not semantically expressed.
- 28. Consider the following: Whyare you so lazy? • The use of this (in context) semantically expresses a question about the cause of, or explanation for, the addressee‟s laziness. Literal uses of it are thus relatively rare (e.g. a therapist might literally ask this of her patient). •What is more common is that speakers use this question rhetorically – i.e., to pragmatically implicate that the addressee is lazy. In general, and as is typical of rhetorical uses of questions, while what semantically expresses is interrogative. Rhetorical Questions
- 29. Consider an utteranceof the following, in a context in which a mistake or accident has just occurred: Way to go, Einstein! There is a non-literal, mocking use of a famous name. So, there is communicative regularity. That’s why this is ‘standardized’irony – as an empirical matter, non-literal, mocking uses of such expressions are epidemic.
- 31. The utterance occursin the novel by Khushwant Singh's ‘Train to Pakistan’. This utterance is directly addressed to Juggut Singh by Malli. The implicit force of the above utterance is intermingled with cultural assumptions. In Indian context, when someone wants to comment on somebody's inability, effeminacy, or to insult someone severely, the expressions such as 'wear the bangles' or 'put henna on your palms' are used. 'Bangles’ and 'henna' are closely associated to women and women are considered to be delicate objects of beauty and not the bravery. Thus, the speaker using elements of beautification i.e. 'bangles' and 'henna‘ implicitly compares Juggut Singh with a woman and challenges his bravery. Reference to immediate context
- 34. B: January?? !?! B: January A:January... !
- 35. The pragmatics wastebasket •Unnecessary things to be excluded or knocked off in the „wastebasket‟ • Example the duck ran up to Mary and licked her
- 36. Syntactic Approach • Concernedwith the rules that determines the correct structure • Put to wastebasket the incorrect ones As: Up duck Mary to the ran Missing element And _ licked her „it’
- 37. Semantics Approach • Meaning •Truth-conditions • Example: P&Q Or Q&P The duck licked Mary and ran up to her
- 38. Pragmatics Approach • Interpretorder of mention as a reflection of order of occurrence
- 39. References • Nagane, Dhanaji."A Study of Speech Acts in Khushwant Singh's Train to Pakistan." Indian Streams Research Journal 1.12 (2012). • George Yule. “Pragmatics”.Oxford University Press, 06-Jun-1996. • Sullivan, Arthur. "On Pragmatic Regularities." Philosophical and Formal Approaches to Linguistic Analysis (2012): 491.