Prejudice social disliking

PREJUDICE
(Social disliking)
SUBMITTED TO: MAM ZARTASHIA KYNAT
SUBMITTED BY: SAIRA SHAFQAT (7201)
ALI HAMZA (7205)
ROMAILA SHAZADI (7233)
FATIMA ARIF (7246)

Defination
What is Prejudice?
Nature of Prejudice
Components of Prejudice
Types of Prejudice
Research Article
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION

An unfavorable opinion or feeling formed
beforehand or without knowledge, thought, or
reason.
DEFINATION OF PREJUDICE:

Prejudice (Wedgwood, Hensleigh (1855)) is prejudgment before
becoming aware of the relevant facts of a case. The word is often used
to refer to preconceived, usually unfavorable, judgments toward
people or a person.
The word "prejudice" is often used when people dislike another
group of people that are different from them. They may decide they do
not like them because of their skin color (this is "racial prejudice"),
religion (religious prejudice) or nationality. Such prejudices can lead to
discrimination, hatred or even war (Rosnow, Ralph L. (March 1972).
It refers to a positive or negative evaluation of another person based
on their perceived group membership, but the usually is negative.
"PREMATURE JUDGMENT"
Prejudice is a:

NATURE OF PREJUDICE:
A person’s behavior towards a certain group of
people or people with distinct differences can
be due to the social schemas that a person
develops with time, through experience and or
through social influence.
Prejudice can be described as a negative
attitude or observable behavior towards a
certain socially defined group or members of
that group.
Even though in the modern society, prejudice
is seen as inappropriate or undesirable, it does
still exist within each person and they vary in
magnitude and severity individually.

SOMETHING TO THINK ABOUT
- Angela Davis
In a racist society, it is not
enough to be non-racist. We must
be anti-racist

COMPONENTS OF PREJUDICE
AFFECTIVE
BEHAVIORAL
COGNITIVE

Affective (Prejudice)
Evaluative/emotional aspect.
Feelings toward specific social group and it's
member.
e.g hate, dislike .

BEHAVIOURAL(DISCRIMINATION)
Positive or negative behavior directed towards the person or group who are targets of prejudice.
Behavioural actions accossiated with object of prejudice.
aavoidance, harrassment.

COGNITIVE (STEROTYPES) A cognitive farmers work (i-e schema) to the
effect that all members of a specific social
groups share certain characteristics.
Beliefs about the specific social group and it's
members.
Widely shared and simplified.

TYPES OF PREJUDICE:
Racism
Sexism
Ageism
Classism
Homophobia
Nationalism
Religious discrimination
Xenophobia

RACISM:
Is the belief that groups of humans possess
different behavioral traits corresponding to
physical appearance and can be divided based
on the superiority of one race over another.
It may also mean prejudice, discrimination, or
antagonism directed against other people
because they are of a different race
or ethnicity.
Example:
White people think they are superior

SEXISM
Sexism is prejudice or discrimination based
on a person's sex or gender.
Sexism can affect anyone, but it primarily
affects women and girls. It has been linked to
stereotypes and gender roles, and may
include the belief that one sex or gender is
intrinsically superior to another.
Example:
One may refer to a female as a "girl" rather
than a "woman", implying that they are
subordinate or not fully mature.

AGEISM
Prejudice or discrimination on the grounds of a
person's age.
Example:
An older person who forgets something could be quick to
call it a "senior moment," failing to realize the ageism of
that statement. People also often utter ageist phrases
such as "dirty old man" or "second childhood," and elders
sometimes miss the ageist undertones
CLASSISM
Classism, also known as, Class discrimination
is prejudice or discrimination on the basis of
social class. It includes individual attitudes,
behaviors, systems of policies and practices
that are set up to benefit the upper class at the
expense of the lower class

HOMOPHOBIA
Homophobia refers to various negative attitudes toward homosexual
individuals that may be expressed at the individual, cultural, and
institutional level.
NATIONALISM
Nationalism is an idea and movement that promotes the interests of a
particular nation, especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining the
nation's sovereignty over its homeland.
Example:
India's promotion of India as a Hindu nation is an example of
nationalism. It calls for everyone to adhere to Hindu ideals even though
there are vast religions in the country.

RELIGIOUS DISCRIMINATION
Is treating a person or group differently because of the particular beliefs which they hold about a religion.
Example:
Dismissing an employee because of their religion. Deciding not to hire an applicant because of their religion. Refusing
to develop or promote an employee because of their religion.
Xenophobia, or fear of strangers, is a broad term that may be applied to any fear of someone who is different
from us. Hostility towards outsiders is often a reaction to fear.1 It typically involves the belief that there is a
conflict between an individual's ingroup and an outgroup.
Example:
In the United States include acts of discrimination and violence against Latinx, Mexican, and Middle Eastern
immigrants.
XENOPHOBIA

ARTICLE ABOUT PREJUDICE
(SOCIAL DISLIKING)

Article By Richard T Schaefer, DePaul University, Chicago, IL, USA
2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

ABSTRACT
Prejudice is a negative attitude that rejects an entire group;
discrimination is behavior that deprives a group of certain
rights or Opportunities.Prejudice does not necessarily
coincide with discrimination, as is made apparent by a
typology developed by Sociologist Robert Merton. The
mass media seem to be of limited value in reducing
prejudice .Equal-status contact may reduce hostility
between groups, but data show few friendships Cross racial
lines. In response to increasing diversity in the workplace,
corporations and organizations have mounted diversity
Training programs to increase organizational effectiveness
and combat prejudice.

Prejudice is a negative attitude toward an entire category of People.
A prejudiced belief leads to categorical rejection.
Prejudice is not disliking someone you meet because you find his or her Behavior
objectionable.It is disliking an entire racial or ethnic Group, even if you have had little or no
contact with that group.
PREJUDICE

DISTINGUISHED FROM DISCRIMINATION
Prejudice and discrimination are related concepts but are not the same.
Prejudice is a belief or attitude.
discrimination is action. Discrimination involves behavior that excludes all members of a group from certain
rights.
If an individual refuses to hire as a typist an Italian American who is illiterate, it is not discrimination. If an
individual refuses to hire any Italian Americans because he or she thinks they are incompetent and does not
make the effort to see if an applicant is qualified, it is discrimination.

Sociologist Robert Merton (1949, 1976), in exploring the relationship between
negative attitudes and negative behavior, identified four major categories.
These are as follows:
Type I: The unprejudiced nondiscriminator: all-weather liberal
Type II: The unprejudiced discriminator: reluctant liberal
Type III: The prejudiced nondiscriminator: timid bigot
Type IV: The prejudiced discriminator: all-weather bigot
The all-weather liberal term employed in type 1 and 2 believes in equality and
practices it. Types III and IV do not believe in equal treatment for racial and
ethnic groups, but they vary in their willingness to act. The timid bigot, Type III,
will not discriminate if discrimination costs money or reduces profits or if he or
she is pressured not to by peers or the government. The all-weather bigot
unhesitatingly acts on the prejudiced beliefs that he or she holds.
MERTON’S
TYPOLOGY

LAPIERE STUDY
The isolated prejudice experienced during the trip puzzled LaPiere, so he resolved To explore people’s social
reactions further.To test this possibility, he sent questionnaires asking the very establishments at which they had
been served if the owner would “accept members of the Chinese race as guests in your establishment.”More than
90% responded no, even though LaPiere couple had been treated politely at all the establishments.
The LaPiere study is not without flaws.
LaPiere could not pinpoint what factors caused the warm in-person recepTion at one point in time and the later cold
rejection on paper. Because he lacked Control over who participated at the two different points in time, LaPiere
could not determine if the people who answered his follow-up questionnaire were the same ones Who originally
greeted and seated them or gave them a room.To combat such fl aws and to explain the underlying causes of
social behavior, social Psychologists rely on research methods.
Lapiere is best known for his article” Attitude vs. Actions”(1934).he spent two years travelling the united states with a
Chinese couple .Despite an alleged climate Of intolerance of Asians, LaPiere observed that the couple was Treated
courteously at hotels, motels, and restaurants.

Prejudice is learned. Friends, relatives, newspapers, books, movies, and television all teach it. Several theories have been
advanced to explain the rejection by individuals of certain groups in a society.
Exploitation Theory
Karl Marx is considered the most classical and influential theorist of exploitation, who held that workers in a
capitalist society are exploited insofar as they are forced to sell their labor power to capitalists for less than the full
value of the commodities they produce with their labor.
For Marx, however, exploitation was a phenomenon that characterized all class-based societies, not only
capitalism. Indeed, it is feudal society, not capitalism, Under feudalism, it is readily apparent that serfs use some
of their labor power for their own benefit, while another part (the corvée) is used for the benefit of the feudal lord.
In contrast, under slavery workers appear to work entirely for the benefit of their masters. And under capitalism
workers appear to work entirely for the benefit of themselves, selling their labor to capitalists as free independent
contractors.
THEORIES OF PREJUDICE

THE CONTENT OF PREJUDICE: STEREOTYPES
Stereotype is a fixed, over generalized belief about a particular group or class of people. By stereotyping we infer
that a person has a whole range of characteristics and abilities that we assume all members of that group have.
An important approach by sociologists and other social scienTists to the understanding of prejudice has been the role
that Stereotypes play. The systematic study of stereotypes began with David Katz And Kenneth Braly’s (1933) use of the
checklist approach.College students were presented with a list of 84 adjectives such As sly, cruel, neat, and so on. They
were asked to list which traits They considered most characteristic of 10 groups: Germans,Italians, Irish, English, Blacks,
Jews, Americans, Chinese,Japanese, and Turks. The students’ selection of traits for each Group consistently agreed
with one another, especially for Blacks And Jews.Researchers have found that stereotypes exist of different races,
cultures or ethnic groups.
REDUCING PREJUDICE
The obvious way to eliminate prejudice is to eliminate its Cause.Much research has been done to determine how to
change Negative attitudes toward groups of people.

Most research studies show that well-constructed educational Programs have a positive effect
on reducing prejudice. The reduction is rarely as much as one might Want, however. The
difficulty is that a single program is Insufficient to change lifelong habits, especially if little is
Done to reinforce the program’s message once it ends.
Persuasion to respect other groups does not operate in a clear Field, because, in their
ordinary environments, people are still Subjected to situations that promote prejudicial
feelings(Allport, 1979).
Studies document that increased formal education, regard-Less of content, is associated with
racial tolerance. Research data Show that highly educated people are more likely to indicate
Respect and liking for groups different from themselves.
EDUCATION

MASS MEDIA
Mass media, like schools, may reduce prejudice without Requiring specially designed programs. As with measuring the influence of programs designed To
reduce prejudice, coming to strong conclusions on mass Media’s effect is hazardous, but the evidence points to A measurable effect.
The absence of racial and ethnic minorities in television and Motion pictures is well documented. They are less likely to play Recurring roles and are far
underrepresented in key decision-Making positions such as directors, producers, and casting Agents
Equal-Status Contact
This is a concept of the contact hypothesis ,is a theory regarding how best to improve relations between groups that display hostility towards each other. Conflict
can be reduced between ingroups/outgroups and majority/minority groups successfully if several factors are in place. One is that the people involved are equal
status contacts.
Similar histories and backgrounds must be emphasized and encouraged in order to increase the likelihood of reduction in conflict. Differing statuses affect people
within the same group: high and low social economic status, differing cultural groups, and age disparities can cause discordance within a group.

XENOPHOBIA
OVERVIEW
Economic concerns and other Approaches stress normative factors. No one explanation is Sufficient. Surveys
conducted in the United States over the past 60 years point to a reduction of prejudice as measured by the
Willingness to express stereotypes or maintain social distance.Survey data also show that many Whites and Blacks
are still Intolerant of each other.Equal-status contact may reduce hostility among groups.However, in a highly
segregated society defined by inequality,Such opportunities are not typical. The mass media and Workplace
diversity programs can be of value in reducing Discrimination but have not done enough While Strides are being
made in increasing the appearance of minorIties in positive roles in television and films, one would not Realize how
diverse our society is by sampling advertisements,programs, or movie theaters.See also: Affirmative Action,
Sociology of; Discrimination:Racial; Prejudice in Society: Psychological Perspectives; Racial Relations; Racism,
Sociology of.

MERTON’S TYPOLOGY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Allport, G.W., 1979. The Nature of Prejudice. 25th Anniversary. Addison-Wesley,
Reading, MA.
Ansell, A.E., 2008. Color blindness. In: Schaefer, R.T. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Race,
Bogardus, E., 1968. Comparing racial distance in Ethiopia, South Africa, and the
Bonilla-Silva, E., 2006. Racism without Racists, second ed. Rowman & Littlefield,
Bonilla-Silva, E., Embrick, D.G., 2007. “Every place has a Ghetto.” The significance
Of Whites’ social and residential segregation. Symbolic Interaction 30, 323–345.
Bonilla-Silva, E., Seamster, L., 2011. The sweet enchantment of color blindness in
Black face: explaining the ‘miracle,’ debating the politics, and suggesting a way for
Hope to be ‘for real’ in America. Political Power and Social Theory 22, 139–175.
Ethnicity, and Society, vol. 1. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA, pp. 320–322.
United States. Sociology and Social Research 52, 149–156.
Lanham, MD.

REFERENCES:
Eagly, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich College
Publishers.
Hogg, M., & Vaughan, G. (2005). Social Psychology (4th edition). London: Prentice-Hall.
Katz, D. (1960). Public opinion quarterly, 24, 163 – 204.
LaPiere, R. T. (1934). Attitudes vs. Actions. Social Forces, 13, 230-237.
Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Addison-Wesley.

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