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Presentation: Wheels tyres and bearings

The document discusses the function and evolution of wheels, highlighting their importance in transportation and various automobile requirements. It details types of wheels, their construction, and various features such as smart wheels that utilize artificial intelligence for enhanced performance. Additionally, it covers tire structure and function, including types of tires and their specific applications.

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Wheels & it’s Function Team: Abdullah Ghazi 1900970409001 Shubhank Khare 1809740157 Yash Tripathi 1809740186 24.10.2020
Wheels ❑ Wheels along with the tyre has to take the vehicle load, provide a cushioning effect and cope with the steering control. ❑ A circular frame of hard material that may be solid, partly solid, or spoked and that is capable of turning on an axle.
Evolution of wheels 8000BC 3500BC 2000BC 1889 1946 2013
Wheel History ❑ Most experts believe that the ancient Mesopotamians invented the wheel about 8000 BC. but they did not use wheels for work. ❑ Mesopotamia is a region of southwest Asia in the Tigris and Euphrates river system. ❑ Today’s wheels are constructed of steel or aluminum alloy.
Various requirement of an automobile wheels ❑ It must be strong enough to withstand the loads as well as various driving torques of vehicle. ❑ It should be balanced both statically as well as dynamically. ❑ It should be lightest possible so that the upsprung weight is least. ❑ It should be possible to remove or mount the wheel easily. ❑ Its material should not weaken with weather conditions and age.
Why Wheels are important The wheel is often described as the most important invention of all time: ❑ It had a fundamental impact on transport and later on agriculture and industry. ❑ Soon, it became common for the wheels to turn around a fixed axle. ❑ Wheels with spokes, first made, were lighter and enable vehicles to move faster.
Wheel Basics The wheel includes the hub, spokes, and rim : ❑ Rim : The rim hold the tyre. ❑ Spokes : one of the thin pieces of metal that connect the centre of a wheel (the hub) to the outside edge (the rim) ❑ Hub : the central part of a wheel Spokes Hub Rim
Function of wheel ❑ Wheels reduce friction. ❑ Instead of simply sliding over the ground, the wheels will rotate and, turning around sturdy rods called axles. ❑ It focuses on its customers to provide the most comfortable driving experience. ❑ The wheel makes it easier to move objects or loads along the ground without having to drag them.
Smart wheels INTRODUCTION: ❑ It is the information how an artificial intelligence is used to build world’s first thinking car wheel. ❑ The wheels use microcomputers to perform 4000 calculations per second and communicate to each other. ❑ The wheels use Artificial intelligence to think and learn as the car as being driven making calculations and adjustments according to traveling speed and road condition.
Key Features ❑ Traction control and anti skid built into each wheel. ❑ Adaptive: Using information around a vehicle to adjust its behavior. ❑ Antivirus: Anti-virus software can locate, identify and then kill a computer virus. ❑ Sensors: In self-driving cars, sensors are devices that a vehicle uses to detect what's around it. ❑ Autopilot: This allows a vehicle to stay on its course without human intervention ❑ Cloud connected Devices linked through the cloud, i.e. the Internet.
• Radar: Radar is a system that uses radio waves to detect other objects • Security protocols: The security of a cloud-connected car is only as strong as its weakest link. Key Features
Name of Participants SHUBHAM MISHRA(1809740156) SUBODH KANT OJHA(1809740159) SAURABH PATHAK(1809740139) Guided by – Dr. Devendra Yadev Types of wheel and their construction details, wheel dimenson
TYPES OFWHEEL CONVENTIONALSTEELWHEEL • CONVENTIONAL STEELWHEEL • Steel wheels are usually made from a pressed steel sheet that is forged into a shape required forthe rim MORDERNALLOYWHEEL • MORERN ALLOY WHEEL • To reduce weight and improve strength many wheels are made from alloy of light weight material • Mostly aluminium are used CASTWHEEL • FORGEDVERSUS CAST WHEEL • Made from molten metals
OTHERTYPESOF WHEEL • 1. SteelWheels (Disc wheel)- A very populardesign of wheel.Very strongand cheapto produce. • 2. AlloyWheels-Attractiveand light weight, but can be difficultto clean. • 3. SpokeWheels (Wire wheels) - Used onolder sportsvehicles, but cannotbe fitted with tubelesstyres. • 4. Divided rims - the rims are madein twohalves whichare boltedtogether,the rims mustnever be separated while thetyre is inflated. • 5. Split rims - thetyre is held in place by a large circlip, do not remove thetyre unless you have been properly trained.
Wheel - Basics Most standard wheels are made of steel Some wheels are fitted withalloy wheels that are made of magnesium(Mg) or aluminium(Al). The rim holds the tyres. The well of the wheel alloys the tyres to Be removed and refitted. The centre section is welded to the rim The Piolot bore is fits to the hub Centre mounting section
Valve Steam and Core - Three function – It retains the air , It allows inflation and deflection. The rubber steam of the valve is pulled into the wheel. The wall core contains a spring loaded air valve insert. The wall core also having sealing washer and a seat washer. The wall cap keeps out dust and help keep air in. Tyre pressure must onlybe checked and adjusted when the tyre is cold Valve core Valve steam Steal washer Stealing washer Valve capes
Wheel Fixings Wheel studs and nuts attach the wheel to the hub. The wheel studs press through the hub and axle flange. The taper on the wheel nuts sequres and centar the wheel. Wheel studs usually have a right hand thread. If it is left hand thread, It camn be marked as L. Matric threads can be marked as” M” Or MATRIC. Taper Wheel mountings Hub flange
Wheel Nut Torque Correct torque of wheel fixing is vital for all vahicals , and nearly all require the use of torque wrench. Excessive torque can lead to wheel or hub distortion, causing runout and vibration. Low torque may allow wheel nuts to work loose and wheel to come off. Nuts should be tightend in a diagonal pattern. Torque wrench
Construction and feature of wheel and Tyres •Wheel rim design features, rim offset, well, diameter , tapered • bead seat, outside or inside tyre fitting (alloys) •Tyre construction;beads, plies, symmetrical/asymmetrical • thread/ pattern etc., radial v crossply , tubed/tubeless, sealing • system, wear indicator/bars •Tyre design; water dispersal, aquaplaning, static v sliding • friction • S.I. unit of pressure-bar
Wheel Dimensions –dish 1. Distance from the hub mounting surface to the inside edge of the rim 2. Necessary to determine suspension and inner fender clearance 3. Centre hole diameter 4 Required to insure proper fit and centering on axle hub
Wheel Dimensions –Rim Diameter 1.Measured from the bottom of the bead flange 2. Normally 13, 14 or 15 inches for passenger cars 3 .Light trucks may be larger 4. Some European cars use metric rim diameter dimensions 5. Size may be stamped on rim
Wheel Dimensions – rim width • May range from 4 inches up to 10 inches for passenger cars Normally measured in 1/2 inch increments Measured from bead flange to bead flange
Forces acting on wheel •How many forces are acting on car wheel in dynamic. There are a few forces acting on the wheel. They are: •The normal reaction between the wheels and the road. •The weight of the car itself pushing the wheels down. •Frictional force between the road and the wheels that tries to resist motion and acts in its opposite direction. •Air resistance (A.K.A. Drag) • Friction between the axle of the wheel and the parts around it.6] And all the other forces like the weight of the wheel, centripetal force, etc.
Wheel Alignment •Wheel alignment refers to the proper setting of the axle geometry as well as tracking of all axles on a vehicle. The purpose of the alignment is to: •Minimize tyre wear •Maximize predictable handling and driver control. •Overall safer vehicle operation.
Wheel Alignment Basics • Caster is the angle of the steering axis of a wheel from true vertical, and has little effect on tire wear • Positive caster tilts the tops of the steering knuckles toward the rear of the vehicle • Negative caster tilts the tops of the steering knuckles toward the front of the vehicle • Unequal caster will cause the vehicle to steer toward the side with less caster • Most common problem affecting caster is worn strut rod and control arm bushings
Camber • Camber is the angle represented by the tilt of the wheels inward or outward from the centerline • Positive camber has the top of the wheel tilted out, when viewed from the front • Negative camber has the top of the wheel tilted inward when viewed from the front • Camber is controlled by the arms and their pivots • Camber is affected by worn or loose ball joints, control arm bushings, and wheel bearings
Toe •Toe is the difference in the distance between the front and rear of the left- and right-hand wheels •Toe is critical to tire wear •Toe-in: front of the wheels are set closer than the rear •Toe-out: front of the wheels farther apart than the rear •Rear-wheel-drive vehicles are often adjusted to have toe-in, front-wheel-drive vehicles are adjusted to have a slight toe-out
Caster •Caster angle helps balance steering, stability, and cornering. Specifically •, it’s the angle of steering axis when viewed from the side of your vehicle. •positive caster, the steering axis will tilt toward the driver. • Negative caster, means the steering axis tilts toward the front o
Wheel Balancing •Wheel balancing is the operation performed inorder to attain uniform traction and to avoid vibrations in automobiles by addition of balancing weights on the rim in order to mass evenly during distribute the wheel rotation. When we need to balance a wheel •Vibration in the steering wheel at certainhighway speeds. • Vibration in the seat or floorboard at certainhighway speeds. • Scalloped or cupped wear pattern on the tires.
Dynamic Balance •Dynamic balance describes the forces generated by asymmetric mass distribution when the tire is rotated,usually at a high speed. •In the tire factory the tire is mounted on a balancing machine test wheel, the assembly is accelerated up to aspeed of 300 RPM or higher, and sensors measure the forces of unbalance as the tire rotates. •Dynamic balance is better (it is more comprehensive) than Static balance alone, because both couple and static forces are measured and corrected.
Effects of wheel Misbalancing •When the tire rotates, asymmetric masses cause thewheel to wobble, which can cause ride disturbances,usually vertical and lateral vibrations. It can alsoresult in a wobbling of the steering. • Wheels that are not balanced or are out of balancegenerally produce a vibration that is uncomfortable todrive in and results in premature wearing ofsuspension and steering components, rotating partsand tyres.
Structure and function of tyre SUBMITTED TO - : SUBMITTED BY - : MR. DEVENDRA YADAV. MOHAMMAD TALIB MOHAMMAD AMIR KHAN MUHMMAD SAMEER
CONTENTS:- INTRODUCTION TYPES OF TYRE STRUCTURE FUNCTION OF TYRE
INTRODUCTION A tire (American English) or tyre (British English) is a ring-shaped component that surrounds a wheel’s rim to transfer a vehicle’s load from the axle through the wheel to the ground and to provide traction on the surface over which the wheel travels. The first patent for what appears to be a standard pneumatic tire appeared in 1847 lodged by the Scottish inventor Robert William Thomson. The earliest tires were bands of leather, then iron (later steel) placed on wooden wheels used on carts and wagons. A skilled worker, known as a wheelwright, would cause the tire to expand by heating it in a forge fire,place it over the wheel and quench it, causing the metal to contract back to its original size so that it would fit tightly on the wheel.
TYPES OF TYRES 1) Performance tires Performance tires tend to be designed for use at higher speeds. They often have a softer rubber compound for improved traction, especially on high speed cornering. The trade off of this softer rubber is a lower treadwear rating. 2) Winter tires Winter tires are designed to provide improved performance under winter conditions compared to tires made for use in summer. The rubber compound used in the tread of the tire is usually softer than that used in tires for summer conditions, so providing better grip on ice and snow. Winter tires oftenlife fine grooves and siping in the tread patterns that are designed to grip any unevenness on ice. Winter tires are usually removed for storage in the spring, because the rubber compound becomes too soft in warm weather.
3) All-season tires These are an attempt to make a tire that will be a compromise between a tire developed for use on dry and wet roads during summer, and a tire developed for use under winter conditions, when there is snow and ice on the road. However, the type of rubber and the tread pattern best suited for use under summer conditions cannot, for technical reasons, give good performance on snow and ice. 4) All-terrain tires All-terrain tires are typically used on SUVs and light trucks. These tires often have stiffer sidewalls for greater resistance against puncture when traveling off-road, the tread pattern offers wider spacing than all-season tires to evacuate mud from the tread.
5) Mud tires Mud terrain tires are characterized by large, chunky tread patterns designed to bite into muddy surfaces and provide grip. The large open design also allows mud to clear more quickly from between the lugs.
TYRE STRUCTURE
Bead – The part of the tyre, which is so shaped as to fit the rim and hold the tyre on to it. It has cores made of several strands of essentially inextensible steel wire with the end of the plies wrapped around the cores for anchorage. Sidewall- The part of the tyre between the bead and the tread, which flexes in service. Tread – This is the part of the tyre which comes in contact with the ground and through which the driving, braking and cornering forces are transmitted. It is made of a special rubber compound to give good wearing properties and in conjunction with the tread pattern to transmit these forces. Ply – A layer of rubber coated fabric cords.
Carcass – The rubber-bonded cord structure of a tyre integral with the bead which provides the requisite strength to carry the load. Breaker (Diagonal)- Intermediate rubberised fabric layers/plies between the carcass and the tread which helps bonding as well as protects the casing from road shocks. Belt (Radial) – Layers of rubberised material underneath the tread with cords laid substantially in the direction of the tread centre-line that restricts the carcass in the circumferential direction and stiffens the tread area.
FUNCTION OF TYRE To provide the necessary Traction to the road surface so that the vehicle can move. To transmit the braking force from braking system of the vehicle to the road. To carry the load of the vehicle and provide shock absorbing for the unsprung mass of the vehicle.( Unsprung mss is the mass of the suspension, wheels , and other components directly connected to them, rather than supported by the suspension) To maintain and change the direction of travel of the vehicle.
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pneumatic tires are similar to your regular car or truck tires, and are most commonly used outdoors. There are two types, solid pneumatics and air pneumatics. The air pneumatics are filled with air, while the solid pneumatics are made of rubber and more puncture proof. If you have nails, rocks, or other sharp objects around the yard or workspace, you may want to lean more towards the solid pneumatic option. WHAT IS PNEUMATIC TYRE?
PARTS OF PNEUMATIC TYRE
The material components of modern pneumatic tyres are: synthetic rubber natural rubber fabric and wire carbon black other chemical compounds
One of the biggest benefits of using pneumatic tires are their ability to absorb the unevenness of terrain. This allows for a smoother ride, and less bumping and shaking. They are also going to have a thicker tread, which provides traction to drive over loose and uneven surface. BENEFITS OF PNEUMATIC TYRE
Mechanics of pneumatic tires
Force and moments There are three forces and three moments acting on the tire from the ground. 1. Tractive force (or longitudinal force) 2. Lateral force 3. Normal force 4. Overturning moment 5. Rolling resistance moment 6. Aligning torque
ROLLING RESISTANCE OF TYRES The rolling resistance of tires on hard surfaces is primarily caused by the hysteresis in tire materials due to the deflection of the carcass while rolling. Friction between the tire and the road caused by sliding, the resistance due to air circulating inside the tire, and the fan effect of the rotating tire on the surrounding air also contribute to the rolling resistance of the tire, but they are of secondary importance. In a free-rolling tire, the applied wheel torque is zero; therefore, a horizontal force at the tire-ground contact patch must exist to maintain equilibrium. This resultant horizontal force is generally known as the rolling resistance. The ratio of the rolling resistance to the normal load on the tire is defined as the coefficient of rolling resistance. A number of factors affect the rolling resistance of a pneumatic tire are: 1. structure of the tire (construction and materials) 2. operating conditions (surface conditions, inflation pressure, speed, temperature, etc,).
SLIP ANGLE AND CORNERING FORCE When a pneumatic tire is not subject to any force perpendicular to the wheel plane (i.e., side force), it will move along the wheel plane. If, however, a side force F, is applied to a tire, a lateral force will be developed at the contact patch, and the tire will move along a path at an angle a with the wheel plane, as OA shown in Fig.
The angle a is usually referred to as the slip angle, and the phenomenon of side slip is mainly due to the lateral elasticity of the tire. The lateral force developed at the tire-ground contact patch is usually called the cornering force F,, when the camber angle of the wheel is zero. The relationship between the cornering force and the slip angle is of fundamental importance to the directional control and stability of road vehicles. Cont..
TRACTIVE (BRAKING) EFFORT ❑ As the tractive force developed by a tire is proportional to the applied wheel torque under steady-state conditions, slip is a function of tractive effort. Generally speaking, at first the wheel torque and tractive force increase linearly with slip because, initially, slip is mainly due to elastic deformation of the tire tread. ❑ A further increase of wheel torque and tractive force results in part of the tire tread sliding on the ground. Under these circumstances, the relationship between the tractive force and the slip is nonlinear.
❑ the maximum tractive force of a pneumatic tire on hard surfaces is usually reached somewhere between 15 and 20% slip. ❑ Any further increase of slip beyond that results in an unstable condition, with the tractive effort falling rapidly from the peak value to the pure sliding value as shown in Fig.
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TYRES Tyre is a rubber member which give cushion to automobile. It is fitted onto the wheels of automobile/vehicles. It is a circular & ring like structure which comes into contact with ground. Tyres are fitted on rims and are filled with compressed air. Since invention of tyres natural rubber is mostly used , however modern tyres also employ materials like synthetic rubber, fabric, steel wires, carbon black and some more compounds. Tyres are classified into two types: 1-Conventional Tubed Tyres. 2-Tubeless Tyres. Tyres are also classified based on seasons , performance , budget , carcass , cross section , etc.
1- CONVENTIONAL TUBED TYRES The tube tyres are the tyres which have a separate inner tube placed inside them. The tube tyre consist of two main parts i.e. carcass & tread. The tube inside the tyre holds the air. When a puncture occurs in a tube tyre due to any object which penetrates through tyre & tube effectively the air inside the tyre release in an instant causing the driver to loose control over the vehicle resulting in accident. If a tube tyre is punctured then you won’t be able to drive the vehicle. A tube tyre is heavy weighted due to the presence of tube. A tube tyre comes for all variety of vehicles. 2- TUBELESS TYRES A tubeless tyre is one in which there is no tube between the tyre and rim , air is directly filled between tyre and rim. In case of a puncture a tubeless tyre can run several kilometers without difficulty. A latex sealant is used to ensure that tyre remains air tight. This sealant contains rubber like particles which seal any small puncture on the go.
COMPARISION BETWEEN TUBED & TUBELESS TYRES TUBED TYRES TUBELESS TYRES • A TUBELESS TYRE IS COSTLY. • THE REPAIR COST OF TUBELESS TYRE IS HIGH. • THE PROCESS OF PUNCTURE REPAIR IS EASY AND COMPLETED IN AN INSTANT. • LIGHT WEIGHTED. • FUEL EFFICIENT. • OFFERS ENHANCED SAFETY. • THE PURCHASE COST OF A TUBE TYRE IS LESS. • THE REPAIR COST OF TUBE TYRE IS LOW. • THE PROCESS OF PUNCTURE REPAIR IS COMPLICATED AND TIME TAKING. • HEAVY WEIGHTED. • NOT SO FUEL EFFICIENT COMPARED TO TUBELESS. • IN CASE OF PUNCTURE QUICK AIR RELEASE PUT DRIVER IN PANIC SITUATION.
TYRE MATERIALS The materials of modern pneumatic tires are synthetic rubber , natural rubber , fabric and wire, along with carbon black and other chemical compounds. A tyre comprises several components : the tread , bead , sidewall , ply , etc. All these components uses different materials to manufacture. The materials of modern pneumatic tires can be divided into two groups: 1-the cords that make up the ply & 2-the elastomer which encases them. 1- Cords : The cords, which form the ply and bead and provide the tensile strength necessary to contain the inflation pressure, can be composed of steel , natural fibers such as cotton or silk , or synthetic fibers such as nylon or Kevlar. 2- Elastomer : The elastomer, which forms the tread and encases the cords to protect them from abrasion and hold them in place, is a key component of pneumatic tire design. It can be composed of various composites of rubber material – the most common being styrene-butadiene copolymer – with other chemical compound such as silica and carbon black.
1-STEEL- Steel is the most common belt material. Steel belts provide strength and stability to the tread area without adding a lot of weight to the tire. Usually two plies of steel cord placed at opposite angles make up the belt system. 2- NATURAL RUBBER- Natural rubber or polyisoprene is the basic elastomer used in tire making. 3- STYRENE-BUTADIENE- Styrene-butadiene co-polymer (SBR) is a synthetic rubber that is often substituted in part for natural rubber based on the comparative raw materials cost. 4- POLYBUTADIENE- Polybutadiene is used in combination with other rubbers because of its low heat-buildup properties. 5- HALOBUTYL RUBBER- Halobutyl rubber is used for the tubeless inner liner compounds, because of its low air permeability. The halogen atoms provide a bond with the carcass compounds which are mainly natural rubber. Bromobutyl is superior to chlorobutyl , but is more expensive. 6- CARBON BLACK- Carbon black (soot) , forms a high percentage of the rubber compound. This gives reinforcement and abrasion resistance. 7- SILICA- Silica , used together with carbon black in high performance tires, as a low heat build up reinforcement. 8- SULPHUR- Sulphur crosslinks the rubber molecules in the vulcanization process. 9- VULCANIZING ACCELERATORS- Vulcanizing accelerators are complex organic compounds that speed up the vulcanization. 10- ACTIVATORS- Activators assist the vulcanization. The main one is zinc oxide. 11- ANTIOXIDANTS & ANTIOZONANTS- Antioxidants and antiozonants prevent sidewall cracking due to the action of sunlight and ozone. 12- TEXTILE- Textile fabric reinforces the carcass of the tire. 13- KEVLAR- Extremely strong yet lightweight and durable. Kevlar is a heat-resistant and strong synthetic fiber , related to other aramids such as Nomex and Technora.
Other than this tyre also consist of elements like: • Raw Rubber • Nylon • Polyester • Rayon • Synthetic fabric • Synthetic Rubber • Fiberglass • Aramid • Brass Aramid
TYRE SECTION SECTION WIDTH --A tire's section width (also called "cross section width") is the measurement of the tire's width from its inner sidewall to its outer sidewall (excluding any protective ribs, decorations or raised letters) at the widest point. It is generally expressed in milimeters. Section width is the measurement printed on the sidewall. ASPECT RATIO- The aspect ratio is a percentage. It's the height of the sidewall measured from wheel rim to top of the tread, expressed as a percentage of tire width. In other words, it's sidewall height divided by tire width. For example, if the aspect ratio is 65, meaning the sidewall is 65 percent as high as the tire is wide. SECTION HEIGHT - The distance from the bottom of the bead to the top of the tread.
TYRE DESIGNATION The code written on the side of tyre consist of numbers and letters. Each letter and number conveys important information, like whether a particular tyre will be compatible with your vehicle. Some tyre designations are prefixed with a letter: P - Passenger tyre LT - Light truck tyre T - Temporary tyre C- Commercial tyre For example – consider a code 205/55R16 88V : The first number 205 is a three-digit number which refers to the overall width of the tyre in millimeters. The second number 55 refers to the aspect ratio, which is the relationship between the tyre height and its width. In this example, the sidewall's height is about 55% of the tyre width. The letter following the aspect ratio is usually an 'R' which stands for radial. The next number 16 indicates the diameter of the wheel rim (in inches) on which the tyre will fit. The next number 88 load index is an assigned number that corresponds with the load-carrying capacity of the tyre. The speed rating is a letter which indicates the range of speeds at which a tyre is certified to carry a load. Each tyre is assigned a rating from A (lowest) to Z (highest).
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Factors that affect tyre life Rachit Bajpai | Rishab Singh | Parth Shukla ME-B, 5th sem
Factors: 01. Loads and Loading particles 02. Speed 03. Wheel alignment 04. Wheel balancing 05. Road conditions 06. Driving habits 07. Seasonal effects 01. LOADS AND LOADING PARTICLES: (It is important to remember that even tip of the truck, with improper load distribution may cause irreversible damage to tyres.)
Factors: 01. Loads and Loading particles 02. Speed 03. Wheel alignment 04. Wheel balancing 05. Road conditions 06. Driving habits 07. Seasonal effects 02. SPEED: • Excessive high speed results in increased tyre running temperature as the rubber gets heated up its module (stiffness) gets reduced. • Rubber being a good non conductor of heat the residual heat is retained causing increased tyre wear and separation of components. 03. WHEEL ALIGNMENT: A vehicle is said to be perfectly align when all steering and suspension components and set as per the vehicle manufacturer and when the tyre wheel assembly are running staright and true. Proper alignment is necessary for perfect vehicle control and tyre wear and safety.
Factors: 01. Loads and Loading particles 02. Speed 03. Wheel alignment 04. Wheel balancing 05. Road conditions 06. Driving habits 07. Seasonal effects 04. WHEEL BALANCING: • Wheel balance is achieved by positioning weights on the wheel to counter balance heavy spots on the tyre wheel assembly. Properly balances tyres are important for driving comfort and long tyre life. • Rotation of tyre in a vehicle is recommended for a uniform tyre wear on all wheel position to achieve optimum tyre life. • It’s preferred to rotate tyres per vehicle manufacturers recommendation or in case of any uneven tyre wear noticed. 05. ROAD CONDITIONS: Rough/abrasive road surface, Paved road, Straight road, Broken up roads, Hilly windings roads, Unmade country roads etc.
Factors: 01. Loads and Loading particles 02. Speed 03. Wheel alignment 04. Wheel balancing 05. Road conditions 06. Driving habits 07. Seasonal effects 06. DRIVING HABITS: • Careful driving habits will ensure optimum tyre life, unavoidable damages besides avoiding serious road accidents. Some of the habits which cause serious damages to tyre are- Over speeding, Speeding over pot holes, stones etc., Quick start and sudden stops, Riding over road divider and other obstacles, Sharp turns at high speeds, Hitting the roads, objects etc., Running on improperly inflated tyres. 07. SEASONAL EFFECTS: • Climatic and weather conditions in our country varies widely from region to region. Dry and extremely hot during summer, extreme cold during winters and rains during monsoon. •This variation in climatic conditions influence tyre life in terms of mileage and structural durability.
BEARINGS
❑ BEARINGS • A bearing is a device that is used to enable rotational or linear movement, while reducing friction and handling stress. • when friction is reduced then speed and efficiency also enhances .
❑ FUNCTION OF BEARING • A bearing permits relative motion between two machine members while minimizing Frictional resistance • A bearing consists of an inner and outer member separated either by a thin film of Lubricant or a rolling element • A bearing bears the load • It locates the moving parts in correct position • It provides free motion to the moving part by reducing friction
❑ DIFFERENT TYPES OF BEARINGS • Anti-friction bearings • Guide bearings • Thrust bearings • Journal bearings
❖ ANTI FRICTION BEARING • They are also called rolling contact bearings • They are used more prevalently in the transmission and drivetrain • They offer very low coefficients of friction • These are of two types: a} ball bearing b} roller bearing
❖ GUIDE BEARING • They exist to guide a machine component undergoing lengthwise motion usually without rotation of the element • They are commonly found on saws, machining tools and other equipment where alignment of moving parts is needed
❖ THRUST BEARING • It is a particular type of rotary bearing • They are designed to support a predominantly axial load • They support both rotating loads and longitudinal loads
These are of two types: a} ball thrust bearing: These are designed to handle almost exclusively thrust loads in low-speed low-weight applications b} roller thrust bearing: It can support significantly larger amounts of thrust load
❖ JOURNAL BEARING • It contains a journal or shaft that freely rotates in a support with a shell or metal sleeve • The load on the bearing acting perpendicular to the shaft axis • These bearings are limited to low-load and low-surface speed applications
THANK YOU!! PRESENTED BY- PRAJJWAL TRIPATHI(103) PRAKHAR DIXIT(104) PRINCE KUMAR TIWARI(109)
Nizwa College of Technology
Bearings are machine elements which are used to support a rotating member called as shaft. They transmit the load from a rotating member to a stationary member known as frame or housing.
Common motions permitted by bearings are: Axial rotation e.g. shaft rotation Linear motion e.g. Carriage over the bed, drawer in the table spherical rotation e.g. ball and socket joint Hinge motion e.g. door
Radial Load ThrustLoad Combination of both. Fr Radial load Thrust load Radial &Thrust load
The bearings that support the shafts of motors and pulleys are subject to a radial load.
The bearings in this stool are subject to a thrust load
The bearings in a car wheel are subject to both thrust and radial loads.
On the basis of contact they have between the rotating and the stationary member Plain bearings (Sliding contact) Rolling bearings (Rolling contact)
Advantages : It takes up less space. It has a rigid construction It will carry loads more effectively It is suitable for larger diameter shafts It is cheap to manufacture and cost less. They operate more silently. They have good shock load capacity. Disadvantages: It has higher frictional resistance It is more difficult to lubricate There are limited choice of designs available
Solid Sleeve Suitable to radial load only Slit Sleeve Adjustable to compensate wear Split Sleeve Suitable for large diameters shafts
The concept behind a ball bearing is very simple: Things roll better than they slide Two surfaces can roll over each other, the friction is greatly reduced. Bearings reduce friction by providing smooth metal balls or rollers, and a smooth inner and outer metal surface for the balls to roll against. These balls or rollers "bear" the load, allowing the device to spin smoothly.
Advantages The rolling bearings have a lower frictional resistance than plain bearings The Lubrication of rolling bearings is easier because they can be "grease packed' A greater choice of roller bearing designs are available than for plain bearings Disadvantages It takes up more space than plain bearings The rolling bearings are not as rigid as plain bearings More nosier in operation than plain bearings
Ball bearings, Roller bearings, Tapered roller bearings. Ball thrust bearings, Roller thrust bearings and
Cutaway view of a ball bearing
In a ball bearing, the load is transmitted from the outer race to the ball and from the ball to the inner race Since the ball is a sphere, it only contacts the inner and outer race at a very small point, which helps it spin very smoothly But it also means that there is not very much contact area holding that load, so if the bearing is overloaded, the balls can deform and spoil the bearing Less expensive and suitable for lighter loads and applications
Bore Outer Race Inner Race Ball Cage or Separator
• • • Common roller bearings use cylinders of slightly greater length than diameter. Roller bearings typically have higher radial load capacity than ball bearings, but a low axial capacity and higher friction under axial loads. If the inner and outer races are misaligned, the bearing capacity often drops quickly compared to either a ball bearing
Advantages They can carry greater radial loads The geometric shape of the rolling element can be varied They are having greater area of contact with the race ways Disadvantages Not suitable to take much thrust load Expensive
• • • • Tapered roller bearings use conical rollers that run on conical races. Tapered roller bearings support both radial and axial loads, and generally can carry higher loads than ball bearings due to greater contact area. Taper roller bearings are extensively used in Machine spindles and gear boxes using helical gears The disadvantage of this bearing is that due to manufacturing complexities, tapered roller bearings are usually more expensive than ball bearings
• • • A variation of the roller type of bearing is called a needle bearing, uses cylinders with a very small diameter. This allows the bearing to fit into tight places. Advantages Smaller diameter rollers (Needles) enable larger area of contact and greater load carrying capacity. Less space is occupied Disadvantages More area of contact resulted in more frictional resistance to motion.
• • Ball thrust bearings like the one shown are mostly used for low-speed applications and cannot handle much radial load. Lead screws and feed rods use this type of bearing at its end.
Roller thrust bearings like the one illustrated can support large thrust loads. They are often found in gear sets like machine transmissions between gears, and between the housing and the rotating shafts. The helical gears used in most transmissions have angled teeth and this causes a thrust load that must be supported by this type of bearing
Presentation: Wheels tyres and bearings

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Presentation: Wheels tyres and bearings

  • 1.
    Wheels & it’sFunction Team: Abdullah Ghazi 1900970409001 Shubhank Khare 1809740157 Yash Tripathi 1809740186 24.10.2020
  • 2.
    Wheels ❑ Wheels alongwith the tyre has to take the vehicle load, provide a cushioning effect and cope with the steering control. ❑ A circular frame of hard material that may be solid, partly solid, or spoked and that is capable of turning on an axle.
  • 3.
  • 4.
    Wheel History ❑ Mostexperts believe that the ancient Mesopotamians invented the wheel about 8000 BC. but they did not use wheels for work. ❑ Mesopotamia is a region of southwest Asia in the Tigris and Euphrates river system. ❑ Today’s wheels are constructed of steel or aluminum alloy.
  • 5.
    Various requirement ofan automobile wheels ❑ It must be strong enough to withstand the loads as well as various driving torques of vehicle. ❑ It should be balanced both statically as well as dynamically. ❑ It should be lightest possible so that the upsprung weight is least. ❑ It should be possible to remove or mount the wheel easily. ❑ Its material should not weaken with weather conditions and age.
  • 6.
    Why Wheels areimportant The wheel is often described as the most important invention of all time: ❑ It had a fundamental impact on transport and later on agriculture and industry. ❑ Soon, it became common for the wheels to turn around a fixed axle. ❑ Wheels with spokes, first made, were lighter and enable vehicles to move faster.
  • 7.
    Wheel Basics The wheelincludes the hub, spokes, and rim : ❑ Rim : The rim hold the tyre. ❑ Spokes : one of the thin pieces of metal that connect the centre of a wheel (the hub) to the outside edge (the rim) ❑ Hub : the central part of a wheel Spokes Hub Rim
  • 8.
    Function of wheel ❑Wheels reduce friction. ❑ Instead of simply sliding over the ground, the wheels will rotate and, turning around sturdy rods called axles. ❑ It focuses on its customers to provide the most comfortable driving experience. ❑ The wheel makes it easier to move objects or loads along the ground without having to drag them.
  • 9.
    Smart wheels INTRODUCTION: ❑ Itis the information how an artificial intelligence is used to build world’s first thinking car wheel. ❑ The wheels use microcomputers to perform 4000 calculations per second and communicate to each other. ❑ The wheels use Artificial intelligence to think and learn as the car as being driven making calculations and adjustments according to traveling speed and road condition.
  • 10.
    Key Features ❑ Tractioncontrol and anti skid built into each wheel. ❑ Adaptive: Using information around a vehicle to adjust its behavior. ❑ Antivirus: Anti-virus software can locate, identify and then kill a computer virus. ❑ Sensors: In self-driving cars, sensors are devices that a vehicle uses to detect what's around it. ❑ Autopilot: This allows a vehicle to stay on its course without human intervention ❑ Cloud connected Devices linked through the cloud, i.e. the Internet.
  • 11.
    • Radar: Radaris a system that uses radio waves to detect other objects • Security protocols: The security of a cloud-connected car is only as strong as its weakest link. Key Features
  • 12.
    Name of Participants SHUBHAMMISHRA(1809740156) SUBODH KANT OJHA(1809740159) SAURABH PATHAK(1809740139) Guided by – Dr. Devendra Yadev Types of wheel and their construction details, wheel dimenson
  • 13.
    TYPES OFWHEEL CONVENTIONALSTEELWHEEL • CONVENTIONAL STEELWHEEL •Steel wheels are usually made from a pressed steel sheet that is forged into a shape required forthe rim MORDERNALLOYWHEEL • MORERN ALLOY WHEEL • To reduce weight and improve strength many wheels are made from alloy of light weight material • Mostly aluminium are used CASTWHEEL • FORGEDVERSUS CAST WHEEL • Made from molten metals
  • 14.
    OTHERTYPESOF WHEEL • 1.SteelWheels (Disc wheel)- A very populardesign of wheel.Very strongand cheapto produce. • 2. AlloyWheels-Attractiveand light weight, but can be difficultto clean. • 3. SpokeWheels (Wire wheels) - Used onolder sportsvehicles, but cannotbe fitted with tubelesstyres. • 4. Divided rims - the rims are madein twohalves whichare boltedtogether,the rims mustnever be separated while thetyre is inflated. • 5. Split rims - thetyre is held in place by a large circlip, do not remove thetyre unless you have been properly trained.
  • 15.
    Wheel - Basics Moststandard wheels are made of steel Some wheels are fitted withalloy wheels that are made of magnesium(Mg) or aluminium(Al). The rim holds the tyres. The well of the wheel alloys the tyres to Be removed and refitted. The centre section is welded to the rim The Piolot bore is fits to the hub Centre mounting section
  • 16.
    Valve Steam andCore - Three function – It retains the air , It allows inflation and deflection. The rubber steam of the valve is pulled into the wheel. The wall core contains a spring loaded air valve insert. The wall core also having sealing washer and a seat washer. The wall cap keeps out dust and help keep air in. Tyre pressure must onlybe checked and adjusted when the tyre is cold Valve core Valve steam Steal washer Stealing washer Valve capes
  • 17.
    Wheel Fixings Wheel studsand nuts attach the wheel to the hub. The wheel studs press through the hub and axle flange. The taper on the wheel nuts sequres and centar the wheel. Wheel studs usually have a right hand thread. If it is left hand thread, It camn be marked as L. Matric threads can be marked as” M” Or MATRIC. Taper Wheel mountings Hub flange
  • 18.
    Wheel Nut Torque Correcttorque of wheel fixing is vital for all vahicals , and nearly all require the use of torque wrench. Excessive torque can lead to wheel or hub distortion, causing runout and vibration. Low torque may allow wheel nuts to work loose and wheel to come off. Nuts should be tightend in a diagonal pattern. Torque wrench
  • 19.
    Construction and featureof wheel and Tyres •Wheel rim design features, rim offset, well, diameter , tapered • bead seat, outside or inside tyre fitting (alloys) •Tyre construction;beads, plies, symmetrical/asymmetrical • thread/ pattern etc., radial v crossply , tubed/tubeless, sealing • system, wear indicator/bars •Tyre design; water dispersal, aquaplaning, static v sliding • friction • S.I. unit of pressure-bar
  • 20.
    Wheel Dimensions –dish 1.Distance from the hub mounting surface to the inside edge of the rim 2. Necessary to determine suspension and inner fender clearance 3. Centre hole diameter 4 Required to insure proper fit and centering on axle hub
  • 21.
    Wheel Dimensions –RimDiameter 1.Measured from the bottom of the bead flange 2. Normally 13, 14 or 15 inches for passenger cars 3 .Light trucks may be larger 4. Some European cars use metric rim diameter dimensions 5. Size may be stamped on rim
  • 22.
    Wheel Dimensions –rim width • May range from 4 inches up to 10 inches for passenger cars Normally measured in 1/2 inch increments Measured from bead flange to bead flange
  • 23.
    Forces acting onwheel •How many forces are acting on car wheel in dynamic. There are a few forces acting on the wheel. They are: •The normal reaction between the wheels and the road. •The weight of the car itself pushing the wheels down. •Frictional force between the road and the wheels that tries to resist motion and acts in its opposite direction. •Air resistance (A.K.A. Drag) • Friction between the axle of the wheel and the parts around it.6] And all the other forces like the weight of the wheel, centripetal force, etc.
  • 25.
    Wheel Alignment •Wheel alignmentrefers to the proper setting of the axle geometry as well as tracking of all axles on a vehicle. The purpose of the alignment is to: •Minimize tyre wear •Maximize predictable handling and driver control. •Overall safer vehicle operation.
  • 26.
    Wheel Alignment Basics •Caster is the angle of the steering axis of a wheel from true vertical, and has little effect on tire wear • Positive caster tilts the tops of the steering knuckles toward the rear of the vehicle • Negative caster tilts the tops of the steering knuckles toward the front of the vehicle • Unequal caster will cause the vehicle to steer toward the side with less caster • Most common problem affecting caster is worn strut rod and control arm bushings
  • 28.
    Camber • Camber isthe angle represented by the tilt of the wheels inward or outward from the centerline • Positive camber has the top of the wheel tilted out, when viewed from the front • Negative camber has the top of the wheel tilted inward when viewed from the front • Camber is controlled by the arms and their pivots • Camber is affected by worn or loose ball joints, control arm bushings, and wheel bearings
  • 29.
    Toe •Toe is thedifference in the distance between the front and rear of the left- and right-hand wheels •Toe is critical to tire wear •Toe-in: front of the wheels are set closer than the rear •Toe-out: front of the wheels farther apart than the rear •Rear-wheel-drive vehicles are often adjusted to have toe-in, front-wheel-drive vehicles are adjusted to have a slight toe-out
  • 30.
    Caster •Caster angle helpsbalance steering, stability, and cornering. Specifically •, it’s the angle of steering axis when viewed from the side of your vehicle. •positive caster, the steering axis will tilt toward the driver. • Negative caster, means the steering axis tilts toward the front o
  • 31.
    Wheel Balancing •Wheel balancingis the operation performed inorder to attain uniform traction and to avoid vibrations in automobiles by addition of balancing weights on the rim in order to mass evenly during distribute the wheel rotation. When we need to balance a wheel •Vibration in the steering wheel at certainhighway speeds. • Vibration in the seat or floorboard at certainhighway speeds. • Scalloped or cupped wear pattern on the tires.
  • 32.
    Dynamic Balance •Dynamic balancedescribes the forces generated by asymmetric mass distribution when the tire is rotated,usually at a high speed. •In the tire factory the tire is mounted on a balancing machine test wheel, the assembly is accelerated up to aspeed of 300 RPM or higher, and sensors measure the forces of unbalance as the tire rotates. •Dynamic balance is better (it is more comprehensive) than Static balance alone, because both couple and static forces are measured and corrected.
  • 33.
    Effects of wheelMisbalancing •When the tire rotates, asymmetric masses cause thewheel to wobble, which can cause ride disturbances,usually vertical and lateral vibrations. It can alsoresult in a wobbling of the steering. • Wheels that are not balanced or are out of balancegenerally produce a vibration that is uncomfortable todrive in and results in premature wearing ofsuspension and steering components, rotating partsand tyres.
  • 35.
    Structure and functionof tyre SUBMITTED TO - : SUBMITTED BY - : MR. DEVENDRA YADAV. MOHAMMAD TALIB MOHAMMAD AMIR KHAN MUHMMAD SAMEER
  • 36.
  • 37.
    INTRODUCTION A tire (AmericanEnglish) or tyre (British English) is a ring-shaped component that surrounds a wheel’s rim to transfer a vehicle’s load from the axle through the wheel to the ground and to provide traction on the surface over which the wheel travels. The first patent for what appears to be a standard pneumatic tire appeared in 1847 lodged by the Scottish inventor Robert William Thomson. The earliest tires were bands of leather, then iron (later steel) placed on wooden wheels used on carts and wagons. A skilled worker, known as a wheelwright, would cause the tire to expand by heating it in a forge fire,place it over the wheel and quench it, causing the metal to contract back to its original size so that it would fit tightly on the wheel.
  • 38.
    TYPES OF TYRES 1)Performance tires Performance tires tend to be designed for use at higher speeds. They often have a softer rubber compound for improved traction, especially on high speed cornering. The trade off of this softer rubber is a lower treadwear rating. 2) Winter tires Winter tires are designed to provide improved performance under winter conditions compared to tires made for use in summer. The rubber compound used in the tread of the tire is usually softer than that used in tires for summer conditions, so providing better grip on ice and snow. Winter tires oftenlife fine grooves and siping in the tread patterns that are designed to grip any unevenness on ice. Winter tires are usually removed for storage in the spring, because the rubber compound becomes too soft in warm weather.
  • 39.
    3) All-season tires Theseare an attempt to make a tire that will be a compromise between a tire developed for use on dry and wet roads during summer, and a tire developed for use under winter conditions, when there is snow and ice on the road. However, the type of rubber and the tread pattern best suited for use under summer conditions cannot, for technical reasons, give good performance on snow and ice. 4) All-terrain tires All-terrain tires are typically used on SUVs and light trucks. These tires often have stiffer sidewalls for greater resistance against puncture when traveling off-road, the tread pattern offers wider spacing than all-season tires to evacuate mud from the tread.
  • 40.
    5) Mud tires Mudterrain tires are characterized by large, chunky tread patterns designed to bite into muddy surfaces and provide grip. The large open design also allows mud to clear more quickly from between the lugs.
  • 41.
  • 42.
    Bead – Thepart of the tyre, which is so shaped as to fit the rim and hold the tyre on to it. It has cores made of several strands of essentially inextensible steel wire with the end of the plies wrapped around the cores for anchorage. Sidewall- The part of the tyre between the bead and the tread, which flexes in service. Tread – This is the part of the tyre which comes in contact with the ground and through which the driving, braking and cornering forces are transmitted. It is made of a special rubber compound to give good wearing properties and in conjunction with the tread pattern to transmit these forces. Ply – A layer of rubber coated fabric cords.
  • 43.
    Carcass – Therubber-bonded cord structure of a tyre integral with the bead which provides the requisite strength to carry the load. Breaker (Diagonal)- Intermediate rubberised fabric layers/plies between the carcass and the tread which helps bonding as well as protects the casing from road shocks. Belt (Radial) – Layers of rubberised material underneath the tread with cords laid substantially in the direction of the tread centre-line that restricts the carcass in the circumferential direction and stiffens the tread area.
  • 44.
    FUNCTION OF TYRE Toprovide the necessary Traction to the road surface so that the vehicle can move. To transmit the braking force from braking system of the vehicle to the road. To carry the load of the vehicle and provide shock absorbing for the unsprung mass of the vehicle.( Unsprung mss is the mass of the suspension, wheels , and other components directly connected to them, rather than supported by the suspension) To maintain and change the direction of travel of the vehicle.
  • 45.
  • 46.
    pneumatic tires aresimilar to your regular car or truck tires, and are most commonly used outdoors. There are two types, solid pneumatics and air pneumatics. The air pneumatics are filled with air, while the solid pneumatics are made of rubber and more puncture proof. If you have nails, rocks, or other sharp objects around the yard or workspace, you may want to lean more towards the solid pneumatic option. WHAT IS PNEUMATIC TYRE?
  • 47.
  • 48.
    The material componentsof modern pneumatic tyres are: synthetic rubber natural rubber fabric and wire carbon black other chemical compounds
  • 49.
    One of thebiggest benefits of using pneumatic tires are their ability to absorb the unevenness of terrain. This allows for a smoother ride, and less bumping and shaking. They are also going to have a thicker tread, which provides traction to drive over loose and uneven surface. BENEFITS OF PNEUMATIC TYRE
  • 50.
  • 51.
    Force and moments Thereare three forces and three moments acting on the tire from the ground. 1. Tractive force (or longitudinal force) 2. Lateral force 3. Normal force 4. Overturning moment 5. Rolling resistance moment 6. Aligning torque
  • 52.
    ROLLING RESISTANCE OFTYRES The rolling resistance of tires on hard surfaces is primarily caused by the hysteresis in tire materials due to the deflection of the carcass while rolling. Friction between the tire and the road caused by sliding, the resistance due to air circulating inside the tire, and the fan effect of the rotating tire on the surrounding air also contribute to the rolling resistance of the tire, but they are of secondary importance. In a free-rolling tire, the applied wheel torque is zero; therefore, a horizontal force at the tire-ground contact patch must exist to maintain equilibrium. This resultant horizontal force is generally known as the rolling resistance. The ratio of the rolling resistance to the normal load on the tire is defined as the coefficient of rolling resistance. A number of factors affect the rolling resistance of a pneumatic tire are: 1. structure of the tire (construction and materials) 2. operating conditions (surface conditions, inflation pressure, speed, temperature, etc,).
  • 53.
    SLIP ANGLE ANDCORNERING FORCE When a pneumatic tire is not subject to any force perpendicular to the wheel plane (i.e., side force), it will move along the wheel plane. If, however, a side force F, is applied to a tire, a lateral force will be developed at the contact patch, and the tire will move along a path at an angle a with the wheel plane, as OA shown in Fig.
  • 54.
    The angle ais usually referred to as the slip angle, and the phenomenon of side slip is mainly due to the lateral elasticity of the tire. The lateral force developed at the tire-ground contact patch is usually called the cornering force F,, when the camber angle of the wheel is zero. The relationship between the cornering force and the slip angle is of fundamental importance to the directional control and stability of road vehicles. Cont..
  • 55.
    TRACTIVE (BRAKING) EFFORT ❑As the tractive force developed by a tire is proportional to the applied wheel torque under steady-state conditions, slip is a function of tractive effort. Generally speaking, at first the wheel torque and tractive force increase linearly with slip because, initially, slip is mainly due to elastic deformation of the tire tread. ❑ A further increase of wheel torque and tractive force results in part of the tire tread sliding on the ground. Under these circumstances, the relationship between the tractive force and the slip is nonlinear.
  • 56.
    ❑ the maximumtractive force of a pneumatic tire on hard surfaces is usually reached somewhere between 15 and 20% slip. ❑ Any further increase of slip beyond that results in an unstable condition, with the tractive effort falling rapidly from the peak value to the pure sliding value as shown in Fig.
  • 57.
  • 58.
    TYRES Tyre is arubber member which give cushion to automobile. It is fitted onto the wheels of automobile/vehicles. It is a circular & ring like structure which comes into contact with ground. Tyres are fitted on rims and are filled with compressed air. Since invention of tyres natural rubber is mostly used , however modern tyres also employ materials like synthetic rubber, fabric, steel wires, carbon black and some more compounds. Tyres are classified into two types: 1-Conventional Tubed Tyres. 2-Tubeless Tyres. Tyres are also classified based on seasons , performance , budget , carcass , cross section , etc.
  • 59.
    1- CONVENTIONAL TUBEDTYRES The tube tyres are the tyres which have a separate inner tube placed inside them. The tube tyre consist of two main parts i.e. carcass & tread. The tube inside the tyre holds the air. When a puncture occurs in a tube tyre due to any object which penetrates through tyre & tube effectively the air inside the tyre release in an instant causing the driver to loose control over the vehicle resulting in accident. If a tube tyre is punctured then you won’t be able to drive the vehicle. A tube tyre is heavy weighted due to the presence of tube. A tube tyre comes for all variety of vehicles. 2- TUBELESS TYRES A tubeless tyre is one in which there is no tube between the tyre and rim , air is directly filled between tyre and rim. In case of a puncture a tubeless tyre can run several kilometers without difficulty. A latex sealant is used to ensure that tyre remains air tight. This sealant contains rubber like particles which seal any small puncture on the go.
  • 60.
    COMPARISION BETWEEN TUBED& TUBELESS TYRES TUBED TYRES TUBELESS TYRES • A TUBELESS TYRE IS COSTLY. • THE REPAIR COST OF TUBELESS TYRE IS HIGH. • THE PROCESS OF PUNCTURE REPAIR IS EASY AND COMPLETED IN AN INSTANT. • LIGHT WEIGHTED. • FUEL EFFICIENT. • OFFERS ENHANCED SAFETY. • THE PURCHASE COST OF A TUBE TYRE IS LESS. • THE REPAIR COST OF TUBE TYRE IS LOW. • THE PROCESS OF PUNCTURE REPAIR IS COMPLICATED AND TIME TAKING. • HEAVY WEIGHTED. • NOT SO FUEL EFFICIENT COMPARED TO TUBELESS. • IN CASE OF PUNCTURE QUICK AIR RELEASE PUT DRIVER IN PANIC SITUATION.
  • 61.
    TYRE MATERIALS The materialsof modern pneumatic tires are synthetic rubber , natural rubber , fabric and wire, along with carbon black and other chemical compounds. A tyre comprises several components : the tread , bead , sidewall , ply , etc. All these components uses different materials to manufacture. The materials of modern pneumatic tires can be divided into two groups: 1-the cords that make up the ply & 2-the elastomer which encases them. 1- Cords : The cords, which form the ply and bead and provide the tensile strength necessary to contain the inflation pressure, can be composed of steel , natural fibers such as cotton or silk , or synthetic fibers such as nylon or Kevlar. 2- Elastomer : The elastomer, which forms the tread and encases the cords to protect them from abrasion and hold them in place, is a key component of pneumatic tire design. It can be composed of various composites of rubber material – the most common being styrene-butadiene copolymer – with other chemical compound such as silica and carbon black.
  • 62.
    1-STEEL- Steel isthe most common belt material. Steel belts provide strength and stability to the tread area without adding a lot of weight to the tire. Usually two plies of steel cord placed at opposite angles make up the belt system. 2- NATURAL RUBBER- Natural rubber or polyisoprene is the basic elastomer used in tire making. 3- STYRENE-BUTADIENE- Styrene-butadiene co-polymer (SBR) is a synthetic rubber that is often substituted in part for natural rubber based on the comparative raw materials cost. 4- POLYBUTADIENE- Polybutadiene is used in combination with other rubbers because of its low heat-buildup properties. 5- HALOBUTYL RUBBER- Halobutyl rubber is used for the tubeless inner liner compounds, because of its low air permeability. The halogen atoms provide a bond with the carcass compounds which are mainly natural rubber. Bromobutyl is superior to chlorobutyl , but is more expensive. 6- CARBON BLACK- Carbon black (soot) , forms a high percentage of the rubber compound. This gives reinforcement and abrasion resistance. 7- SILICA- Silica , used together with carbon black in high performance tires, as a low heat build up reinforcement. 8- SULPHUR- Sulphur crosslinks the rubber molecules in the vulcanization process. 9- VULCANIZING ACCELERATORS- Vulcanizing accelerators are complex organic compounds that speed up the vulcanization. 10- ACTIVATORS- Activators assist the vulcanization. The main one is zinc oxide. 11- ANTIOXIDANTS & ANTIOZONANTS- Antioxidants and antiozonants prevent sidewall cracking due to the action of sunlight and ozone. 12- TEXTILE- Textile fabric reinforces the carcass of the tire. 13- KEVLAR- Extremely strong yet lightweight and durable. Kevlar is a heat-resistant and strong synthetic fiber , related to other aramids such as Nomex and Technora.
  • 63.
    Other than thistyre also consist of elements like: • Raw Rubber • Nylon • Polyester • Rayon • Synthetic fabric • Synthetic Rubber • Fiberglass • Aramid • Brass Aramid
  • 65.
    TYRE SECTION SECTION WIDTH--A tire's section width (also called "cross section width") is the measurement of the tire's width from its inner sidewall to its outer sidewall (excluding any protective ribs, decorations or raised letters) at the widest point. It is generally expressed in milimeters. Section width is the measurement printed on the sidewall. ASPECT RATIO- The aspect ratio is a percentage. It's the height of the sidewall measured from wheel rim to top of the tread, expressed as a percentage of tire width. In other words, it's sidewall height divided by tire width. For example, if the aspect ratio is 65, meaning the sidewall is 65 percent as high as the tire is wide. SECTION HEIGHT - The distance from the bottom of the bead to the top of the tread.
  • 66.
    TYRE DESIGNATION The codewritten on the side of tyre consist of numbers and letters. Each letter and number conveys important information, like whether a particular tyre will be compatible with your vehicle. Some tyre designations are prefixed with a letter: P - Passenger tyre LT - Light truck tyre T - Temporary tyre C- Commercial tyre For example – consider a code 205/55R16 88V : The first number 205 is a three-digit number which refers to the overall width of the tyre in millimeters. The second number 55 refers to the aspect ratio, which is the relationship between the tyre height and its width. In this example, the sidewall's height is about 55% of the tyre width. The letter following the aspect ratio is usually an 'R' which stands for radial. The next number 16 indicates the diameter of the wheel rim (in inches) on which the tyre will fit. The next number 88 load index is an assigned number that corresponds with the load-carrying capacity of the tyre. The speed rating is a letter which indicates the range of speeds at which a tyre is certified to carry a load. Each tyre is assigned a rating from A (lowest) to Z (highest).
  • 69.
  • 70.
    Factors that affect tyrelife Rachit Bajpai | Rishab Singh | Parth Shukla ME-B, 5th sem
  • 71.
    Factors: 01. Loads andLoading particles 02. Speed 03. Wheel alignment 04. Wheel balancing 05. Road conditions 06. Driving habits 07. Seasonal effects 01. LOADS AND LOADING PARTICLES: (It is important to remember that even tip of the truck, with improper load distribution may cause irreversible damage to tyres.)
  • 72.
    Factors: 01. Loads andLoading particles 02. Speed 03. Wheel alignment 04. Wheel balancing 05. Road conditions 06. Driving habits 07. Seasonal effects 02. SPEED: • Excessive high speed results in increased tyre running temperature as the rubber gets heated up its module (stiffness) gets reduced. • Rubber being a good non conductor of heat the residual heat is retained causing increased tyre wear and separation of components. 03. WHEEL ALIGNMENT: A vehicle is said to be perfectly align when all steering and suspension components and set as per the vehicle manufacturer and when the tyre wheel assembly are running staright and true. Proper alignment is necessary for perfect vehicle control and tyre wear and safety.
  • 73.
    Factors: 01. Loads andLoading particles 02. Speed 03. Wheel alignment 04. Wheel balancing 05. Road conditions 06. Driving habits 07. Seasonal effects 04. WHEEL BALANCING: • Wheel balance is achieved by positioning weights on the wheel to counter balance heavy spots on the tyre wheel assembly. Properly balances tyres are important for driving comfort and long tyre life. • Rotation of tyre in a vehicle is recommended for a uniform tyre wear on all wheel position to achieve optimum tyre life. • It’s preferred to rotate tyres per vehicle manufacturers recommendation or in case of any uneven tyre wear noticed. 05. ROAD CONDITIONS: Rough/abrasive road surface, Paved road, Straight road, Broken up roads, Hilly windings roads, Unmade country roads etc.
  • 74.
    Factors: 01. Loads andLoading particles 02. Speed 03. Wheel alignment 04. Wheel balancing 05. Road conditions 06. Driving habits 07. Seasonal effects 06. DRIVING HABITS: • Careful driving habits will ensure optimum tyre life, unavoidable damages besides avoiding serious road accidents. Some of the habits which cause serious damages to tyre are- Over speeding, Speeding over pot holes, stones etc., Quick start and sudden stops, Riding over road divider and other obstacles, Sharp turns at high speeds, Hitting the roads, objects etc., Running on improperly inflated tyres. 07. SEASONAL EFFECTS: • Climatic and weather conditions in our country varies widely from region to region. Dry and extremely hot during summer, extreme cold during winters and rains during monsoon. •This variation in climatic conditions influence tyre life in terms of mileage and structural durability.
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  • 76.
    ❑ BEARINGS • Abearing is a device that is used to enable rotational or linear movement, while reducing friction and handling stress. • when friction is reduced then speed and efficiency also enhances .
  • 77.
    ❑ FUNCTION OFBEARING • A bearing permits relative motion between two machine members while minimizing Frictional resistance • A bearing consists of an inner and outer member separated either by a thin film of Lubricant or a rolling element • A bearing bears the load • It locates the moving parts in correct position • It provides free motion to the moving part by reducing friction
  • 78.
    ❑ DIFFERENT TYPESOF BEARINGS • Anti-friction bearings • Guide bearings • Thrust bearings • Journal bearings
  • 79.
    ❖ ANTI FRICTIONBEARING • They are also called rolling contact bearings • They are used more prevalently in the transmission and drivetrain • They offer very low coefficients of friction • These are of two types: a} ball bearing b} roller bearing
  • 81.
    ❖ GUIDE BEARING •They exist to guide a machine component undergoing lengthwise motion usually without rotation of the element • They are commonly found on saws, machining tools and other equipment where alignment of moving parts is needed
  • 82.
    ❖ THRUST BEARING •It is a particular type of rotary bearing • They are designed to support a predominantly axial load • They support both rotating loads and longitudinal loads
  • 83.
    These are oftwo types: a} ball thrust bearing: These are designed to handle almost exclusively thrust loads in low-speed low-weight applications b} roller thrust bearing: It can support significantly larger amounts of thrust load
  • 84.
    ❖ JOURNAL BEARING •It contains a journal or shaft that freely rotates in a support with a shell or metal sleeve • The load on the bearing acting perpendicular to the shaft axis • These bearings are limited to low-load and low-surface speed applications
  • 85.
    THANK YOU!! PRESENTED BY- PRAJJWALTRIPATHI(103) PRAKHAR DIXIT(104) PRINCE KUMAR TIWARI(109)
  • 86.
    Nizwa College ofTechnology
  • 87.
    Bearings are machineelements which are used to support a rotating member called as shaft. They transmit the load from a rotating member to a stationary member known as frame or housing.
  • 88.
    Common motions permittedby bearings are: Axial rotation e.g. shaft rotation Linear motion e.g. Carriage over the bed, drawer in the table spherical rotation e.g. ball and socket joint Hinge motion e.g. door
  • 89.
    Radial Load ThrustLoad Combination ofboth. Fr Radial load Thrust load Radial &Thrust load
  • 90.
    The bearings thatsupport the shafts of motors and pulleys are subject to a radial load.
  • 91.
    The bearings inthis stool are subject to a thrust load
  • 92.
    The bearings ina car wheel are subject to both thrust and radial loads.
  • 93.
    On the basisof contact they have between the rotating and the stationary member Plain bearings (Sliding contact) Rolling bearings (Rolling contact)
  • 94.
    Advantages : It takesup less space. It has a rigid construction It will carry loads more effectively It is suitable for larger diameter shafts It is cheap to manufacture and cost less. They operate more silently. They have good shock load capacity. Disadvantages: It has higher frictional resistance It is more difficult to lubricate There are limited choice of designs available
  • 95.
    Solid Sleeve Suitable to radialload only Slit Sleeve Adjustable to compensate wear Split Sleeve Suitable for large diameters shafts
  • 96.
    The concept behinda ball bearing is very simple: Things roll better than they slide Two surfaces can roll over each other, the friction is greatly reduced. Bearings reduce friction by providing smooth metal balls or rollers, and a smooth inner and outer metal surface for the balls to roll against. These balls or rollers "bear" the load, allowing the device to spin smoothly.
  • 97.
    Advantages The rolling bearingshave a lower frictional resistance than plain bearings The Lubrication of rolling bearings is easier because they can be "grease packed' A greater choice of roller bearing designs are available than for plain bearings Disadvantages It takes up more space than plain bearings The rolling bearings are not as rigid as plain bearings More nosier in operation than plain bearings
  • 98.
    Ball bearings, Roller bearings, Taperedroller bearings. Ball thrust bearings, Roller thrust bearings and
  • 99.
    Cutaway view ofa ball bearing
  • 100.
    In a ballbearing, the load is transmitted from the outer race to the ball and from the ball to the inner race Since the ball is a sphere, it only contacts the inner and outer race at a very small point, which helps it spin very smoothly But it also means that there is not very much contact area holding that load, so if the bearing is overloaded, the balls can deform and spoil the bearing Less expensive and suitable for lighter loads and applications
  • 101.
  • 102.
    • • • Common roller bearingsuse cylinders of slightly greater length than diameter. Roller bearings typically have higher radial load capacity than ball bearings, but a low axial capacity and higher friction under axial loads. If the inner and outer races are misaligned, the bearing capacity often drops quickly compared to either a ball bearing
  • 103.
    Advantages They can carrygreater radial loads The geometric shape of the rolling element can be varied They are having greater area of contact with the race ways Disadvantages Not suitable to take much thrust load Expensive
  • 104.
    • • • • Tapered roller bearingsuse conical rollers that run on conical races. Tapered roller bearings support both radial and axial loads, and generally can carry higher loads than ball bearings due to greater contact area. Taper roller bearings are extensively used in Machine spindles and gear boxes using helical gears The disadvantage of this bearing is that due to manufacturing complexities, tapered roller bearings are usually more expensive than ball bearings
  • 105.
    • • • A variation ofthe roller type of bearing is called a needle bearing, uses cylinders with a very small diameter. This allows the bearing to fit into tight places. Advantages Smaller diameter rollers (Needles) enable larger area of contact and greater load carrying capacity. Less space is occupied Disadvantages More area of contact resulted in more frictional resistance to motion.
  • 106.
    • • Ball thrust bearingslike the one shown are mostly used for low-speed applications and cannot handle much radial load. Lead screws and feed rods use this type of bearing at its end.
  • 107.
    Roller thrust bearingslike the one illustrated can support large thrust loads. They are often found in gear sets like machine transmissions between gears, and between the housing and the rotating shafts. The helical gears used in most transmissions have angled teeth and this causes a thrust load that must be supported by this type of bearing