Production technology of Sweet Potato.pptx

Introduction
Botanical Name Ipomoea batatas L. (Poir)
Family Convolvulaceae
Genomic formula 2N=6X= 90 (extremely heterozygous &
hexaploid)
Edible part Tuberous root
Origin South America. Portuguese brought it in to India
in early 16th century.
Progenitor Ipomoea trifida

Distribution
• According to FAO, Sweet potatoes are grown in 111 countries, of
which 101 are classified as developing nations
• Among the world’s root crops, sweet potato ranks second only to
potato in economic importance.
• In 2021, the global production of Sweet potato amounted to 88.9
million MT approx.
• Major countries producing sweet potatoes are- China, Malavi,
Tanzania, Indonesia, Vietnam, Angola, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Uganda and
USA.
• China is the largest producer and consumer of sweet potato

Area, Production and Productivity (India)
• India shares 3.22% of global area and 1.88% of global production of
sweet potato.
• According to NHB in 2021
• Area under SP production: 128000 ha
• Production: 1460000 t
• Productivity: 11.41 t/ha
• Major States growing (area) : 1st Odisha, 2nd UP, 3rd WB, 4th MP, 5th
Chattisgarh, 6th Karnataka, 7th Assam etc.
• Production leading states: Orissa > Kerala > W. B. > U. P. > Chhattisgarh
• Major importing countries from India: UAE > Maldives > Nepal > Japan
> Bahrain

Botany
• Perennial vine but grown as an annual crop
• Produces many trailing stems which seldom
rise more than 45 cm above ground
• Have herbaceous, creeping or trailing stems
(vines) with short internodes and semierect
growth habit with adventitious roots that
ends in swollen roots.
• Leaves are spirally arranged along the
stems.

Photoperiodic
ally
Short day plant (day length
11.5 hrs)
Flower colour White- pink
Inflorescence Cymose
Nature of
pollination
Highly cross pollinated due to
sporophytic self-
incompatibility , honey bee
and bumble bee
Anthesis 4-5 am
Fruit Glabrous or hirsute, dehiscent
capsule
Seeds Angular, brownish-black seed
with hard testa

Skin
colour
Red – Purple – Brown
- White
Flesh
colour
White – Yellow –
Orange - Purple
Root
System
Can be differentiated
into three types
String Roots
Pencil Roots
Tuber bearing
roots

Differences between tuberous roots and ordinary roots in sweet
potato.
Tuberous root Ordinary roots
1. Synthesizes food materials in
them
They cannot do so
2. Edible Non edible
3. Xylem is having 5 or 6 plates Xylem is having 3 to 4 plates
4. Small pith centre Large pith centre
5. Root primordial is larger Root primordial is smaller
6. Thick roots with different shape
and size
Thin and long roots
7. Receive Food materials from
different plant parts and
Absorb nutrients from soil and
supply to different plant parts

Nutritional value
Nutritional Value per 100 g
Energy : 490 kJ
Carbohydrate: 25-32 %
Ascorbic Acid: 23-25 mg
Thiamine (B1): 0.1 mg
Riboflavin (B2): 0.05-0.06 mg
Niacin (B3): 0.6-0.9 mg
Pyridoxine (B6)
Pantothenic acid (B5)
Ca: 30-34 mg
Fe: 0.8-1 mg
Mg: 24 mg
P: 49 mg
K: 373 mg
Na: 13 mg

Nutritional values
• Deep orange or yellow coloured varieties are rich in
beta-carotene and other biologically active
carotenoids
• Leaves contains more Fe and Ca compared to tubers,
but due to presence of oxalate and phytate in in
leaves they are poorly absorbed in the body.
• Only non leguminous plant to contain trypsin
inhibitor
• Mouldy tubers contains ipomeamarone and
ipomeamaranol which are toxic to liver and other
organs.

Uses of Sweet potato
• Human consumption:
• sweet potato tuber after boiling,
steaming, baking or frying
• sweet potato floor is processed for
Candies, Noodles and Chapatti as a
substitute of wheat flour.,
• baked products like golden bread buns
biofortified with beta carotene rich
sweet potato can add value to rural
and urban diet

Uses of Sweet potato
• Industrial products:
• Starch is used in textiles, paper, cosmetics,
food manufacturing industries, preparation
of adhesive and glucose.,
• purple colour sweet potato containing
anthocyanin is used for commercial
production of food colourants (eg.,
Ayamurasaki, Murasakimasari and
Akemurasaki cultivars)

Use
• An excellent source of fibre, vitamin B6, E and C. especially raw leaves are rich
source of ascorbic acid and some of Vitamin B
• Good for the heart.
• Helps in controlling blood sugar due to low glycaemic index.
• Good for digestion and contains a good amount of starch
• Have strong immunity and anti-inflammatory properties
• Helps in relieving stress
• Leaves are used to treat diabetes, hookworm etc

Source Varieties/Hybrids Characteristic features
Introduction Triumph Nancy Hall
Clonal selection Sree Nanadani
Sree Vardhani
Sree Bhadra
RAU Rajendra Shakarkand-5 Yield 20 t/ha. In 90-105 days resistant to fusarium
wilt and cercospora leaf spot disease.
RS-35 And RS-43
TNAU Kal Megh Round tubers, very early (90 DAP) and yield 26t/ha
ANGARU,
Hyderabad
Cross-4 Yield 20-30 t/ha in 90-105 days; highly susceptible
to weevil infestation
Others Kiran High starch content (29-30 %)
Fortified varieties Bhu Sona Beta carotene rich (12-5-40 mg/100 g) variety.
Bhu Krishna Anthocyanin rich variety
Variety: Sweet potato varieties differ in shape, size and colour of leaves, tubers
and nature of tuber flesh.

Hybridization
(CTCRI,
Thiruanatpuram)
H41 Sweet and low fibre content
H42
Sree Varsha Double cross hybrid
Sree Ratna A spreading variety with purple skin, organge flesh and
excellent cooking quality; yield 20-26 t/ha in 90-105
Sree Arun A spreading variety with pink skin, cream flesh and
good cooking quality; yield 20-28 t/ha in 90-100 days.
Sree Varun A spreading variety with pink skin, cream flesh and
good cooking quality; yield 20-28 t/ha in 90-100 days.
Sree Kanaka Inter varietal hybrid, short duration and beta carotene
rich.
Gauri and Shankar
Pusa Lal Skin red and flesh white
Pusa Sunehri A brown skinned, yellow fleshed rich in carotene;
boiled flesh is attractively orange yellow.
Pusa Safed A white skinned variety with white flesh excellent
cooking quality.

Soil:
• Acid tolerant crop and require optimum pH 5.2-6.7
• Well drained sandy loam rich in organic matter is considered the best
Liming is necessary.
• In heavy soils, tuber size is reduced due to improper aeration
• High sandy soil results in long cylindrical pencil like tubers
• Sensitive to alkaline and saline condition

Climate
• Require long warm growing season
• Can be cultivated at a temperature range of 20-27 oC.
• Areas with an average day temperature of more than 24 oC and average rainfall
of 750 mm is more suitable for cultivation.
• It can not tolerate frost and below 10 ℃ causes death of the plants
• For tuberization the ideal temperature is 20-25 oC.
• No tuberization at very high temperature 35-40 oC and below 15 oC
• Short day with low light intensity(18000-40000 Lux) promote root
development while excess of rain fall and long photo period encourages vine
growth and reduced tuber yield
• Sensitive to drought at tuber initiation stage (50- 60 DAP). Sensitive to water
logging as poor aeration results in Rotting of tubers and reduce the growth of
storage tubers.

Propagation:
• Sexual propagation of sweet potato is limited
because of:
• Delay germination due to hard seed coat, which require
scarification,
• Wide variation in cultivars due to heterogygosity
nature, Self-incompatibility i.e., Gametophytic SI,
• Poor seed setting, less seed content,
• Plant grown from seeds are poorly developed top
growth & tuberous root.
• Commercial propagation is done by: Stem or
Root cuttings and Advantageous root (Clip) that
grows out from primary ones during storage.

Nursery: Primary Nursery
• Prepared about 2 months before planting in main field
• Area: 100 m2
• Seed rate: 100 kg medium sized weevil free seed tubers per ha, weighing
125- 150 g each
• Spacing = 60 cm × 20 cm and 5-6 cm deep,
• N= 1.5 kg/ 100 m2 as top dressing after 15 days of planting.
• Irrigation at alternate day till first 10 days and once in 3 days afterward.
• Vine gets ready for planting in 2nd nursery after 40-45 days.
• Cut the vine to a length of 20-30 cm for multiplication in second nursery.

Secondary Nursery:
• Vines are used to multiply for planting in main field.
• Area: 500 m2,
• 25-30 cm length cuttings are planted,
• Spacing should be 60 cm × 20 cm,
• FYM- 1 kg/m2, Urea of 5 kg in two splits (15 and 30 DAP),
• ready for planting in main field after 45 days of planting in 2nd
nursery.

Selection of Planting Material
• Vines of 20-30 cm length with at least 3-4 nodes are found to be
ideal as a planting material
• Cuttings obtained from apical and middle portion of vines are
preferable to get higher sprouting percentage and better tuber yield
Preparation of planting material
• Cuttings with intact leaves are stored under shade for two days
before planting in the main field to promote better root initiation,
early establishment and higher yield

Planting
Planting Time
• Rainfed (Kharif): June - August
• Irrigated (Rabi)- October - December (Ideal time for vine cutting
is late Sep- early Oct.)
• Major area under sweet potato is planted during rabi season
• Propagule rate: 40000-50000 cuttings/ha

Methods of planting
• Land is ploughed to a depth of 20 cm and harrowed to pulvarise the soil. The
planting methods followed are:
a) Mound: under drainage problem area
b) Ridge: In sloppy area to prevent erosion
c) Furrow: Bhubaneswar and Orissa
d) Flat: Recommended in Bihar
• Note: Ridge (20-25cm high) method is best followed by furrow and flat methods.
• Cuttings are planted in soil with both ends exposed and middle portion
buried in the soil at 5-10 cm depth i.e. flat planting
• Vines are also planted in an inclined position with half of its length buried in the
soil

Spacing
• Closer spacing is generally recommended to achieve maximum yield
• Spacing : 30-60 cm between rows and 15-20 cm between plants
• In Indo Gangetic plains: 30-45 cm x 30-45 cm
• Spacing of 60 cm x 20 cm can accommodate about 83000 cuttings
per ha

Manures and fertilizers:
• FYM: 10 t/ha, N:P:K: 90:80:90 kg/ha (GFR, Bihar), Azospirillum @
2 kg/ha (Vine dipping) and 10 kg/ha soil application.
• Full dose of P2O5 and K2O and half dose of N2 should be given at the
time of planting, whereas remaining half dose of N2 should be applied
one month after planting along with first weeding and earthing up
• In case of micronutrient deficiencies Zn SO4 (1-2 %), Ammonium
ferric sulphate (1-2 %) and MnSO4 (0.1%) spray are recommended.

Weed control:
• Critical period: 30-45DAP.
• Later, on weeds are supressed due to smothering effect.
• Weeding and earthing up along with top dressing between 15-30 days
is beneficial.
• Turning of vine is practiced in sweet potato, pruning back to 20-30cm
s also practiced after a month.
• Turning of vines: the vines are lifted at nodes 30 DAP to prevent
rooting and to facilitate better tuber development

Irrigation
• A light irrigation is given after planting, to maintain sufficient
moisture, which gives proper establishment to crop
• Continuous long phase of draught reduces the tuber yield
• Irrigation at 10-15 days interval should be applied if thereis
insufficient moisture
• Critical stage of moisture supply is 40 (DAP)
• Growth crack of sweet potato is an important physiological disorder
caused due to moisture imbalance.

Cropping System
• SP has been found to grow under different cropping sequence in
eastern and southern regions of India
• Ideal cropping sequence in eastern India are:
North Bihar 1. Maize (Kharif)- Sweet Potato (Autumn)- Wheat (Rabi)- Moong
(Summer)
2. Maize (Kharif)-Sweet potato- Onion (Rainy)
West Bengal 1. Moong (Summer)- Colocasia (Pre-kharif)-Sweet Potato (Autumn)
2. Moong- EFY- SP
Orissa 1. Mid-season Paddy (Rainy)- SP- Fallow
2. Maize- SP- Fallow
Chhattisgarh Vegetable Cowpea+ SP
• Intercropping: SP is cultivated as intercrop in cashew orchard
upto prebearing period of 5 yrs with recommended dose of
fertilizer (60: 40: 60 kg/ha)

Harvesting
• Crop matures in100-135 DAP depending on variety and environmental
condition:
• Early cultivar: 90-105 DAP
• Mid and Late cultivars: 110-120 DAP
• Generally harvesting is recommended at 120 DAP
• Delay in harvesting increases sweet potato weevil infestation
• Light irrigation 2-3 days before harvesting makes digging easier
• Yield: 10-20 t/ha depending of variety and cultural practices
• Upto 30 t/ha yield may be obtained if proper improved cultural
practices are followed

Post harvest losses
• SP tubers are subjected to several types of post harvest losses
• Physical damage
• Weight loss
• Pathological decay
• Sprouting
• Weevil infestation (Cylas formicarius)- major cause of storage loss

Curing:
• Curing results in healing of wounds during post harvest handling. It
provides barrier to further lossand stops microbial invasion of the
tissue
• Tubers are cured at 30-33 oC temperature and 85-90% Relative
Humidity for 5-7 days. It helps in the formation of protective layer
(callus) on injured portion i.e., wound healing process.
• Wound healing process includes- Rapid healing of wounds
(Suberization of wounded root surface). To increase toughness of skin
(Periderm) and minimise microbial infection.

Storage:
• At 13-16 ℃ temperature and 85-90 % R. H. it can be stored for 6
months
• Red skinned varieties can be stored better than white skinned variety
• Storage in sand and sawdust helps limit spoilage and enhance shelf life
of the tubers

Physiological disorders:
• Growth crack: Due to excessive moisture or moisture stress, Delay
harvesting
• Control: Use potassium to check tuber cracking

• Disease: Pox and Scurf are serious diseases in neutral pH. Feathery
mottled disease, Mycoplasma disease, Vector- Aphid etc.
• Control: Use virus free planting materials
• Insect: Sweet potato weevil, Pest like ants, Feeds on all parts prefers
tuberous roots, White grub makes tunnel in the tubers rendering
them to bitter for human
• Control: Use pheromone trap @ 1trap/100 m2

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