Programming language
- 3. What is Programming Language? • A programming language is a notation for writing programs, which are specifications of a computation or algorithm. • Programming languages usually contain abstractions for defining and manipulating data structures or controlling the flow of execution. • Thousands of different programming languages have been created, and more are being created every year.
- 4. Levels of Programming Language High-level program Low-level program Executable Machine code Higher-order programming is a style of computer programming that uses software components, like functions, modules or objects, as values. A low-level programming language is a programming language that provides little or no abstraction from a computer's instruction set architecture-commands or functions in the language map closely to processor instructions. In computer programming, machine code, consisting of machine language instructions, is a low-level programming language used to directly control a computer's central processing unit (CPU).
- 5. Types of Programming Language First Generation Languages Second Generation Languages Third Generation Languages Fourth Generation Languages Fifth Generation Languages
- 6. First Generation Languages Machine language Operation code – such as addition or subtraction. Operands – that identify the data to be processed. Machine language is machine dependent as it is the only language the computer can understand. Very efficient code but very difficult to write.
- 7. Second Generation Languages Assembly languages Symbolic operation codes replaced binary operation codes. Assembly language programs needed to be “assembled” for execution by the computer. Each assembly language instruction is translated into one machine language instruction. Very efficient code and easier to write.
- 8. Third Generation Languages Closer to English but included simple mathematical notation. Programs written in source code which must be translated into machine language programs called object code. The translation of source code to object code is accomplished by a machine language system program called a compiler. Alternative to compilation is interpretation which is accomplished by a system program called an interpreter.
- 9. Fourth Generation Languages A high level language (4GL) that requires fewer instructions to accomplish a task than a third generation language. Used with databases • Query languages • Report generators • Forms designers • Application generators
- 10. Fifth Generation Languages Declarative languages Functional(?): Lisp, Scheme, SML • Also called applicative • Everything is a function Logic: Prolog • Based on mathematical logic • Rule- or Constraint-based
- 11. The Principal Paradigms Imperative Programming Object-Oriented Programming Logic/Declarative Programming Functional/Applicative Programming
- 13. HTML HTML is the standard markup language used to create web pages; it ensures proper formatting of text and images (using tags) so that Internet browsers can display them in the ways they were intended to look. HTML was created by physicist Tim Berners-Lee in 1990 to allow scientists to share documents online. Before then, all communication was sent using plain text. HTML made “rich” text possible (i.e. text formatting and visual images). HTML is used to create electronic documents (pages) displayed online. Visit any page and you will see an example of HTML in action. Features: • Easy to use and learn the basics of HTML. • Free and accessible. • Multiple versions available.
- 14. C C Language is a structure-oriented, middle-level programming language mostly used to develop low-level applications. The C Language was developed in 1972 at Bell Labs specifically for implementing the UNIX system. C Language is used to develop systems applications that are integrated into operating systems such as Windows, UNIX and Linux, as well as embedded software. Features: • Simple to learn; there are only 32 keywords to master. • Easy to write systems programs such as compilers and interpreters. • Foundational language for beginners.
- 15. C++ C++ is a general purpose, object-oriented, middle-level programming language and is an extension of C language, which makes it possible to code C++ in a “C style”. Released in 1983 and often considered an object-oriented version of C language, C++ was created to compile lean, efficient code, while providing high-level abstractions to better manage large development projects. The C++ language is used to create computer programs and packaged software, such as games, office applications, graphics and video editors and operating systems. Features: • Often the first programming language taught at college level. • Quick processing and compilation mechanism. • Robust standard library (STL).
- 16. C# C# is a multi-paradigm programming language that features strong typing, imperative, declarative, functional, generic, object-oriented and component-oriented disciplines. C# was developed in 2000 as part of Microsoft’s release of .NET framework; in 2003 it became an ISO standard. C# helps developers create XML web services and Microsoft .NET-connected applications for Windows operating systems and the internet. Features: • Similar to Java in capabilities. • Ideal for beginners. • The go-to for working on Microsoft apps.
- 17. Java Java is a general-purpose, object-oriented, high-level programming language with several features that make it ideal for web-based development. Originally known as Oak, Java was developed in 1990 at Sun Microsystems to add capabilities to the C++ language. The language was introduced to the public in 1995 and is now owned by Oracle. Java is used to develop enterprise-level applications for video games and mobile apps, as well as to create web-based applications with JSP (Java Server Pages). When used online, Java allows applets to be downloaded and used through a browser, which can then perform a function not normally available. Features: • Application portability. • Robust and interpreted language. • Extensive network library.
- 18. JavaScript JavaScript is a client-side programming language that runs inside a client browser and processes commands on a computer rather than a server. It is commonly placed into an HTML or ASP file. JavaScript was designed by Netscape and originally known as LiveScript, before becoming JavaScript in 1995. JavaScript is used primarily in Web development to manipulate various page elements and make them more dynamic, including scrolling abilities, printing the time and date, creating a calendar and other tasks not possible through plain HTML. Features: Basic features are easy to learn. Multiple frameworks. Users can reference JQuery, a comprehensive JavaScript library.
- 19. Python Python is an advanced programming language that is interpreted, object-oriented and built on flexible and robust semantics. Python was developed in the late 1980s at CWI in the Netherlands and first released to the public in 1991. Python lets you work quickly to integrate systems as a scripting or glue language. It’s also suited for Rapid Application Develop (RAD). Features: • Simple to learn and easily read. • Associated web frameworks for developing web-based applications. • Free interpreter and standard library available in source or binary on major platforms.
- 20. PHP (Hypertext Pre-processor) PHP is an open-source scripting language designed for creating dynamic web pages that effectively work with databases. It is also used as a general-purpose programming language. PHP was released in 1995 as a server-side scripting language, which is processed on a server to become a website in plain HTML. PHP is primarily used alongside dynamic data-heavy websites to collect form data. It’s also used in app development to generate dynamic page content. Features: • Easy to learn (as simple as embedding code inside HTML). • Free and opensource. • Can be used on all major operating systems and web servers.
- 21. Ruby Ruby is an open-sourced, object-oriented scripting language that can be used independently or as part of the Ruby on Rails web framework. Designed in 1995, Ruby’s creator described it as “simple in appearance, but it is very complex inside, just like our human body.” Ruby is used for simulations, 3D modeling, and to manage and track information. Features: • Free to use, copy, modify and distribute. • Intuitive and flexible language. • Completely object-oriented (ability to use method chaining).
- 22. SQL (Structured Query Language) SQL is a database query language (not a development language) that allows for adding, accessing and managing content in a database. SQL was developed at the IBM Research Center in 1974 and originally known as SEQUEL. The first commercial version was introduced in 1979 by ORACLE. SQL interacts with the backend database of web application. It is the “de facto standard” database language, always used in conjunction with another programming language. Features: • Simple syntax. • Free and easily accessible. • Relational database management systems.
- 24. Criteria for good language Formerly: ◦ Run-time performance Now: ◦ Ease of designing, coding ◦ Debugging ◦ Maintenance ◦ Reusability
- 25. Criteria for good language (cont.) • Writability • Readability • Orthogonality • Reliability • Maintainability • Generality • Uniformity • Extensibility • Standardability • Implementability
- 26. Conclusion Every one need a language to tell an information which is hidden, in such a way programming is a language which is used for knowing the hidden information of computer related programming.
- 27. • https://www.computerscience.org/ • SpringerLink • https://www.coursera.org/ • https://www.w3schools.com/ • GitHub (https://github.com/) References