PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC PRESENTATION.pptx

Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
BY :- KHUSHBOO MISHRA
B.SC. 2 YEAR
DEPARTMENT OF
MICROBIOLOGY

CONTENT
 Prokaryotes
 Characteristics of prokaryotes
 Shapes of prokaryotic cell
 Eukaryotes
 Characteristics of eukaryotes
 Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
 Similarities between prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell

PROKARYOTES
Prokaryotes are organism made up prokaryotic cell that lack a
cell nucleus or any membrane-encased organelles.
Prokaryotic cell were here first and for billions of years were
the only form of life on earth.
All prokaryotic organism are unicellular.

Characteristics of prokaryotes
Prokaryotes are the simplest types of cells .
Oldest type of cell appeared about four billion years ago.
Prokaryotes are the largest group of organisms .
Prokaryotes unicellular organism that are found in all
environments .

 Prokaryotes do not have a nuclear membrane . Their
circular shaped genetic material dispersed
throughout cytoplasm.
 Prokaryotes do not have membrane bound
organelles.
 They have a simple internal structure .
 They are smaller in size when compared to
eukaryotes.

SHAPES OF PROKARYOTES
Fig no 1:- shapes of prokaryotes

A typical prokaryotic cell might contain the following parts:-
 Cell wall: the membrane surrounding and protecting the cell
 Cytoplasm: all of the material inside a cell except the
nucleus
 Flagella and pili: protein-based filaments found on the
outside of some prokaryotic cells
 Nucleoid: a nucleus-like region of the cell where genetic
material is kept
 Plasmid: a small molecule of DNA that can reproduce
independently

Fig no 2 :- structure of a prokaryotic cell

Examples of prokaryotes
Examples of prokaryotes are:-
a. Bacteria
b. Archaea .
Among them , Bacteria is the most common and multiply very
fast.
 Prokaryotes are smaller and simple.
10-100 micron in size.
 single celled [unicellular ] or
 Filamentous [ string of single cells ].

BACTERIA
 Bacteria are smallest microorganisms.
 Bacteria are the sole members of Kingdom Monera .
 Kingdom Monera is given by Copeland.
 They have simple cell structure but show complex behavior.
 They are unicellular, prokaryotes and cosmopolitan (found everywhere).
 They also live in extreme habitat such as hot springs, deserts, snow and deep oceans.
 Most of them are heterotrophic and some of them are autotrophic.
 They have pili and flagella in their body.
 Size range from 0.5 to 1.5 µm.
 Reproduction is asexual.
 The genetic material is Nucleoid and plasmid.
 They have Mesosomes (folding of cell membrane).
 The study of bacteria is known as bacteriology, a branch of microbiology.

Classification
ON THE BASIS OF SHAPES:-
 COCCUS (SPERICAL SHAPED)
EXAMPLE :STREPCOCCUS AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS
 BACILLUS (ROD SHAPED)
EXAMPLE :E.COLI
 SPIRILLUM (SPIRAL SHAPED)
EXAMPLE :TREPONEMA
 PLEOMORPHIC
EXAMPLE :MYCOPLASMA
Fig no:- 03 shapes of bacteria

ON THE BASIS OF STAINING:-
1. Gram positive
2. Gram negative
Fig no:- 04 cell wall difference
Fig no :- 05 difference between gram+ and gram- bacteria

PEPTIDOGLYCAN
Peptidoglycan is also known as murein is a polymer consisting of sugar and
amino acids that forms.
a mesh like layer outside the plasma membrane of most bacteria forming
the cell wall.
It is the basic of unit of cell wall in bacteria and protects the cell from
bursting due to turgor and maintains cell shape.
Peptidoglycan layer is substantially thicker in gram positive bacteria than a
gram negative bacteria.
Some archaea have as similar layer of puesodopeptidoglycan which makes
cell wall of archaea insensitive to lysozyme.

ARCHAEA
 Archaea constitute a domain of single celled organisms.
 These microorganisms lack cell nuclei and are
therefore prokaryotes.
 Archaea and bacteria are generally similar in size
and shape, although a few archaea have very
different shapes, such as the flat and square cells
of Haloquadratum walsbyi.
 The first observed archaea were extremophiles,
living in extreme environments, such as hot
springs and salt lakes with no other organisms.

Structure of Archaea
Fig no :- 06 structure of archaea

EUKARYOTES
Eukaryotes are organisms made up of cells that possess a
membrane-bound nucleus that holds genetic material as well as
membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic cells appeared on earth long after prokaryotic cells
but they are much more advanced .
Eukaryotic organism unlike prokaryotic can be unicellular or
multicellular.

Characteristics of eukaryotes
Eukaryotic cells appeared approximately one billion year ago.
Eukaryotes are generally more advanced than prokaryotes.
Nuclear membrane surrounds linear genetic material [ DNA ].
Unlike prokaryotes , eukaryotes have several different parts.
They are larger than prokaryotes in size.

Fig no :- 07 typical structure of a animal cell

Examples of eukaryotes:-
Examples include:-
Animal
Fungus
Plant
Protozoa
Algae

Difference between plant cell and animal cell

Difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
1. Organelles lack a membrane . Organelles covered by a membrane.
2. Ribosomes are the only organelle. Multiple organelles including ribosomes.
3. Genetic material floats in the cytoplasm. Membrane covered genetic material.
4. Circular DNA. Linear DNA.
5. Unicellular Maybe multicellular or unicellular.
6. Cells are smaller in size . Cells are larger in size.
7 . Has large number of organisms. Has smaller number of organism.
8. Examples :- Bacteria and archaea. Examples:- Protist , fungi , plant , and animal.

Fig no :- 08 difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell

Similarities between prokaryotes and
eukaryotes
Both type of cell have cell membranes[ outer covering of cell ].
Both type of cell have ribosomes.
Both type of cell have DNA.
Both type of cell have a liquid environment known as cytoplasm.

PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC PRESENTATION.pptx

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