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Similar to Psychology unit-iv-psychometric ass.of attitude and emotions
Psychology unit-iv-psychometric ass.of attitude and emotions
- 1. PREPARED BY: Mrs. Akila.A, M.sc (N); M.Sc(PSY) Associate Professor
- 2. ASSESSMENT OF ATTITUDE Attitudeis measured through attitude scales like the Likert Scale, the semantic differential and socio metry. Attitudes cannot be directly observed, but are inferred from overt behaviour, both verbal and non verbal behaviour.
- 3. • Attitude canbe assessed by: (i) Direct method: Measuring the verbal report. (ii) Indirect Method: Interpretation of the attitude from the unsaturated or indirect responses.
- 4. DIRECT METHOD FOR MEASUREMENTOF ATTITUDE • In this method ,the opinion of an individual about a particular subject in the form of a verbal report is collected and based on this, his attitude towards the subject is estimated. - Asking the individual directly how he feels about a subject.(questioning and interview ) - Asking to mark those statements from a list with which he is in agreement. - To indicate his degree of agreement (or) disagreement with a series of statements dealing with the same subject.
- 5. SCALING METHODS - Helpsto assess the degree of attitude for larger population. - Norms have been developed to measure attitude towards aspects like education, family, sex, adopting new technology etc.. - Attitude scales has a draw back of social desirability , which refers to the fact that people come up with socially desirable responses that make them appear “ well adjusted” or unprejudiced.
- 6. THURSTONE SCALE • Itis the first formal method designed to measure attitude. • It is also known as method of equal appearing interval. • It is made up of statements about the particular issues. • consists of statements which have a range of weights from high (usually 11) to low (usually 1). • Subjects select the attitudinal statements they agree with most
- 8. LIKERT SCALE • Themost popular attitude scale type. It was given by Rensis Likert (1932). It is also known as Summated rating scale. Respondents indicate the extent to which they endorse the statements (e.g., agree / disagree)
- 10. • This processdoes not require the categorization of items by a group of judges. Items (50 – 60) are selected on the basis of the response of subjects to whom they are administered in the course of developing the test. • The statements are arranged randomly and a have a five point rating scale- ‘strongly agree’,‘agree’,‘uncertain’, ‘Disagree’ , strongly disagree. • The number of favourable and unfavourable statements should be approximately equal. • The sum of the statements credits represents the score of an individual
- 11. GUTTMAN’S SCALE • Thistechnique assesses the extent of the subject’s agreement with items, where the items are meant to represent a continuum • This technique can be used to ask many questions in a short amount of space (mailed survey) or time (telephone survey). • The technique is intuitively appealing to most persons. The technique provides continuous-level and ranked data.
- 12. SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL SCALE • Arating scale in which bipolar adjectives are placed at both ends (or poles) of the scale, and response options are expressed as “semantic” space. • The scale measures both the direction and intensity of the attribute simultaneously. • It has properties similar to the semantic differential.
- 14. STAPEL SCALE A simplifiedversion of the semantic differential scale in which a single adjective or descriptive phrase is used instead of bipolar adjectives.
- 15. • The scalemeasures both the direction and intensity of the attribute simultaneously. • It has properties similar to the semantic differential.
- 16. INDIRECT MEASURES • Projectivetest involves presenting a person with an ambiguous (or) incomplete stimulus ( Example: Picture or words) which is interpreted by the person and his attitude is inferred from this interpretation. • Size of the pupil and GSR as the indicator of arousal to measure attitudes. • Electromyography also helps to measure attitude(but not successfully established)
- 17. PSYCHOMETRIC ASSESSMENT OF EMOTIONS •Measurement of emotion is important in understanding the physiological basis of emotion. • Methods of Assessment: (i) Galvanic Skin response: This test measures the activation of sweat glands during emotional arousal resulting in lowering of electrical resistance of skin.
- 18. (ii) Electrocardiography orElectrocardiogram: This test measures changes in the rate and rhythm of the heart during emotional arousal. (iii) Electroencephalogram(EEG): This test measures the brain rhythmic activityy during emotional arousal.
- 19. Other Tests: (i) Recordingchanges in breathing rate (ii) Blood Pressure (iii) Breathing Pattern.