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![The two antibiotics most commonly used are isoniazid
and rifampicin, and treatments can be prolonged, taking
several months. Latent TB treatment usually employs a
single antibiotic
New onset
In 2010, is six months of a combination of antibiotics
containing rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and
ethambutol for the first two months, and only rifampicin
and isoniazid for the last four months.[11] Where
resistance to isoniazid is high, ethambutol may be added
for the last four months as an alternative.
Recurrent disease
If multiple drug-resistant TB is detected, treatment with
at least four effective antibiotics for 18 to 24 months is
recommended.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pulmonarytb-arun-170226172125/75/Pulmonary-tuberculosis-19-2048.jpg)
Uploaded byarun raj
Pulmonary tuberculosis
Robert Koch identified Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1882 and received the Nobel Prize for this discovery. In 1906, Calmette and Guerin developed the BCG vaccine for tuberculosis. The vaccine was first used in humans in 1921 in France but did not become widely used in places like the US, UK, and Germany until after World War II. Tuberculosis is caused by the bacterium M. tuberculosis and spreads through airborne droplets when infected people cough, sneeze, or talk. It affects mostly the lungs but can spread to other organs, and if left untreated it can be fatal.
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Presented by Arunraj, Group-10 from Tbilisi State Medical University.
M. tuberculosis discovered by Robert Koch in 1882; BCG vaccine established by Calmette and Guérin in 1906.
Pulmonary TB is a contagious disease primarily affecting lungs and has historical significance dating back to ancient civilizations.
TB is the leading infectious cause of death; 8 million new cases and 3 million deaths annually.
WHO data shows world TB incidence by cases per 100,000, highlighting global health challenges.
M. tuberculosis is the primary cause of TB; other types include M. avium and M. kansasii.
TB spreads via airborne particles; transmission occurs through speaking, coughing, sneezing, etc.
Risk factors include age, socioeconomic status, crowded conditions, diseases like HIV, and recent infections.
Differentiates between latent and active TB, explaining possible outcomes including reactivation.
Active TB presents with symptoms such as cough, fatigue, weight loss, fever, and night sweats.
Different testing methods including Tuberculin skin test, sputum cultures, blood tests, CT and X-rays.
A case of primary tuberculosis presented in a young male patient with pneumonia-like symptoms.
Standard treatment involves antibiotics like isoniazid and rifampicin, with details on duration for latent and resistant forms.
Websites providing additional information on tuberculosis and related medical resources.
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Pulmonary tuberculosis
- 1.
- 2. The bacillus causingtuberculosis, M. tuberculosis, was identified and described on 24 March 1882 by Robert Koch. He received the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine in 1905 for this discovery. Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin achieved the first genuine success in immunization against tuberculosis in 1906, using attenuated bovine-strain tuberculosis. It was called bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG). The BCG vaccine was first used on humans in 1921 in France, but received widespread acceptance in the US, Great Britain, and Germany only after World War II.
- 3. Pulmonary Tuberculosis(TB) is an infectious disease that mainly affect the lungs parenchyma. TB is a contagious bacterial (M. tuberculosis) infection that mainly affects the lungs parenchyma, but may spread to other organs. TB is an ancient disease. Signs of skeletal TB (pott disease) were evident in Europe from Neolithic times, ancient egypt, and in the pre-Columbian New World. Physicians in ancient Greece called this illness as “phthisis” reflecting its wasting character.
- 4. Most commoninfectious cause of death worldwide Latent phase of TB enabled it to spread to one third of the world population 8,000,000 new cases each year 3,000,000 infected patients die
- 5. World TBincidence. Cases per 100,000; Red => 300, orange = 200–300, yellow = 100–200, green = 50–100, blue =< 50 and grey = n/a. Data from WHO, 2006
- 6. TB iscaused by the bacteria M. tuberculosis (most common cause). Other than tuberculosis – includes; M. avium intracellulare M. kansasi M. scrofulaceuru M. ulcerans M. marinum and etc.
- 7. TB spreadfrom person to person by airborne transmission. Infected person release droplet nuclei (1-5 micro meter in diameter) through, Talking Coughing Sneezing Laughing Singing If not treated properly, TB can be fatal. Transmission
- 8. Risk factorsof tuberculosis is; Elderly Infants Low socioeconomic status Crowded living conditions Disease that weakens immune system like HIV Alcoholism Recent Tubercular infection (within last 2 years) and ect.
- 10.
- 11. Latent Infection-TB bacteria can live in the body without making you sick and cannot spread the disease to others. Active Infection- you do have symptoms and can spread the disease to others.Specific symptoms you will have,depend on TB where infection is occur.
- 12. A persistentcough Constant fatigue Weight loss Loss of appetite Fever Coughing up blood Night sweats
- 14. Tuberculin skintest (PPD test); Injecting a small amount of protein from tuberculosis bacteria between the derived layer of the skin (usually forearm). Sputum examination and Cultures; Is examined under a microscope to look for tuberculosis bacteria and used to grow the bacteria in a culture.
- 15. Interferon-gamma Bloodtest; A simple blood is mixed with synthetic proteins similar to those produced by the tuberculosis bacteria. If people are infected with tuberculosis bacteria, their white blood cells produce certain substances (interferons) in response to the synthetic proteins.
- 16. Chest CTScan Chest X-ray
- 17. Young malepatient with fever and cough has focal opacity in the left lower lobe that looks like a pneumonia. This is a case of primary tuberculosis in an adult.
- 19. The two antibioticsmost commonly used are isoniazid and rifampicin, and treatments can be prolonged, taking several months. Latent TB treatment usually employs a single antibiotic New onset In 2010, is six months of a combination of antibiotics containing rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for the first two months, and only rifampicin and isoniazid for the last four months.[11] Where resistance to isoniazid is high, ethambutol may be added for the last four months as an alternative. Recurrent disease If multiple drug-resistant TB is detected, treatment with at least four effective antibiotics for 18 to 24 months is recommended.
- 20. www.medicinet.com www.nlm.nih.gov http://www.e-radiography.net www.learningradiology.com