Pulse Estimation
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The document describes a method for measuring pulse rate of a person using video analysis. It discusses using the mean pixel values of red, green, and blue channels in regions of interest of the face to extract pulse signals. Two approaches for selecting regions of interest are described: object tracking and active appearance modeling. The method involves preprocessing signals, applying independent component analysis and filtering, and using Fourier transforms to detect peak pulse rate. Evaluation tests focused on factors like motion, distance from camera, and video duration needed.
![[1] Remote plethysmographic imaging using ambient light. Verkruysse,
W. and Svaasand, L.O. and Nelson, J.S., Optics express, nr. 26, vol.
16, pp. 21434-21445, Optical Society of America, 2008
[2] Eulerian video magnification for revealing subtle changes in the
world. Wu, H.Y. and Rubinstein, M. and Shih, E. and Guttag, J. and
Durand, F. and Freeman, W., ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), nr.
4, vol. 31, pp. 65, ACM, 2012
[3] Non-contact, automated cardiac pulse measurements using video
imaging and blind source separation. Poh, M.Z. and McDuff, D.J. and
Picard, R.W., Optics Express, nr. 10, vol. 18, pp. 10762-10774, Optical
Society of America, 2010](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/pulsedetectorpresentation-121219035129-phpapp02/85/Pulse-Estimation-22-320.jpg)
Pulse Estimation
- 1. Measurement of pulse rate of a person using his video By Sahil Shah Date: 30-11-2012
- 2. •Literature Review: From literature we know that approaches have been found to extract human pulse information from the video of a stationary person. •One of the methods is using the mean values of the R,G,B streams from a specific region of interest of the face and plotting them over time from the video. •Analysis using Matlab.
- 3. Mean Pixel Value Regions of Interest Time
- 4. Power Frequency The Power spectrum of the mean values signals for the RGB streams. Peak for the green signal can be seen at 1.2 Hz.
- 6. ROI Interpolatio Normalize Video Face selection n of RGB Intensity Detection values Independen Processed Hann t Raw RGB Windowing Bayes Filter Component signal Signals Analysis
- 7. Fast Ideal Processed Fourier Bandpass Signals Transform Filtering Parabola Peak Pulse Estimation Detection
- 8. •Two approaches: 1. Object tracking: We use the standard object tracking implementation in MIRA to detect the face. The ROIs are stated in the configuration file of the Pulse Detector unit as sub regions of the face. We select the largest detected object as the face and subsequently select the closest object to the last detection as the face. ADV: • Faster • Generalized DIS: • Breaks when first detection is wrong (generally when face takes smaller area in the image) • ‘jumping’ detections.
- 9. 2. Active Appearance Model (AAM): We use the active appearance model algorithm to recognize faces based on multiple features. It returns triangles that define different features on the face. We configure the AAM face detector to return some pre selected triangles as ROIs ADV: • More robust to small movements • Exact ROIs DIS: • No generalized model for all kinds of faces
- 10. •Average R,G and B pixel values of the regions of interest from the face for each timestamp •Interpolation to get RGB values for the timestamps for which we get images (since detections come little later) •Sampling rate can be changed and is not required to be same as that of images because interpolation can also be used to get intensity values for any timestamp •Interpolation also helps to maintain equal intervals between frames and increase accuracy
- 11. •Intensity Normalization: rn = r/(r+g+b) gn = g/(r+g+b) bn = b/(r+g+b) •Independent Component Analysis •Hann Window: Reduces resolution but works better when S/R is low. •Bayes Filtering: Kernel with +/-1 bin change (+/- 3 bpm for a window of 200 frames at 10Hz).
- 12. •Fast Fourier Transform: Discrete Fourier transforms of the processed signals to get their power spectrum •Band-pass filter: Band-pass filter (0.75 to 1.5) to get the frequency spectrum for the range in which the human pulse can lie. •Peak Detection: Detects maximum power frequency •Parabola estimation •Calculate Pulse
- 13. •The Pulse Detector can be configured with the help of various parameters like: Number of frames Virtual Sampling Frequency Regions of Interest Use AAM Use ICA Bayes Filter Windowing (Hann) Filter Bands Parabola Estimation
- 14. •We evaluated the Pulse Detector Unit on the following factors Motion vs Stationary AAM vs Object Tracking Near vs Far (Resolution) Jumping detections vs. Non jumping detection Different ROIs ICA vs No ICA
- 15. Screenshots
- 16. •The analysis and testing was done in Matlab while the entire implementation is in C++ using the Middleware for Robotic Applications (MIRA) framework.
- 18. Which algorithm is the most promising for usage? • The Object Tracking algorithm is giving better results currently. • The AAM tends to lose the detections on increasing movement. • But a better trained AAM will be more robust because it is more accurate and gives the exact ROI thus effect of small noise becomes negligible.
- 19. What is the maximum distance of people in the image from where robust pulse extraction is possible? • For stationary images taken using the Kinect sensor we got good results even for face size 107x107 pixels from a 640x480 image. • This was around 80 cm from the camera.
- 20. To what degree the people can move in the image without losing pulse observation? • A well trained AAM would almost nullify the noise effects, currently face tracking however is not so robust to higher noise (>10 pixels) specially when the person is farther from the camera.
- 21. What is the minimum duration of a video sequence to allow pulse rate extraction? • 20 second blocks of video are sufficient for pulse rate extraction. We take 20 second sliding window continuously for as long as the video is captured.
- 22. [1] Remote plethysmographic imaging using ambient light. Verkruysse, W. and Svaasand, L.O. and Nelson, J.S., Optics express, nr. 26, vol. 16, pp. 21434-21445, Optical Society of America, 2008 [2] Eulerian video magnification for revealing subtle changes in the world. Wu, H.Y. and Rubinstein, M. and Shih, E. and Guttag, J. and Durand, F. and Freeman, W., ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG), nr. 4, vol. 31, pp. 65, ACM, 2012 [3] Non-contact, automated cardiac pulse measurements using video imaging and blind source separation. Poh, M.Z. and McDuff, D.J. and Picard, R.W., Optics Express, nr. 10, vol. 18, pp. 10762-10774, Optical Society of America, 2010