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Purification of Organic Compounds
This document discusses various methods for purifying organic compounds, including sublimation, crystallization, differential extraction, distillation, and chromatography. Purification is necessary to study the structure, physical, chemical and biological properties of organic compounds and must isolate the compound from any impurities. The appropriate purification method depends on the nature of the impurity and the organic compound. Common techniques include sublimation for volatile solids, crystallization using solvent selection and isolation, differential extraction using immiscible organic solvent layers, distillation, and chromatography using adsorbents and mobile/fixed phases.
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Purification of Organic Compounds
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- 3. Contents ✓ Need forpurification ✓ Methods for purification ✓ Purification of liquids ✓ Purification of solids
- 4. Need for purification ✓To study the structure, Physical, Chemical and Biological properties of organic compounds they must be pure in state. ✓ There are several methods by which organic compounds can be purified. ✓ The method employed for purification depend upon the nature of impurity and nature or organic compound .
- 5. Techniques for separationand purification of organic compounds
- 6. sublimation ✓ Substance whenheated pass directly from solid to vapor without melting. On cooling vapours will give back solids. It is called SUBLIMATION ✓ Example: Camphor, Naphthalene ✓ It is useful to separate volatile and non- volatile substance.
- 7. CRYSTALLIZATION Steps involved incrystallization process, 1. Selection of Solvent 2. Preparation of solution 3. Filtration of hot solution 4. Crystallization 5. Isolation
- 8. DIFFERENTIAL EXTRACTION ✓ Theprocess of removing a substance from its aqueous solution by shaking with a suitable organic solvent is termed Extraction. ✓ Organic substance present as solution in water can be recovered from the solution by means of a separating funnel. ✓ Organic solvent immisible in water forms a separate layer. ✓ By means of separating funnel, organic and aqueous layer can be separated easily.
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- 14. CHROMATOGRAPHY ✓It is basedon the principle that the constituents are adsorbed on an adsorbent in varying degrees. ✓The adsorbents used are generally silica gel or alumina. ✓When a mobile phase moves over the fixed phase, different constituents of the mixture get adsorbed at various distances over the fixed phase.
- 15. Methods of chromatography 1.Column Chromatography 2. Thin layer chromatography 3. Paper chromatography 4. Gas-liquid chromatography 5. Ion-exchange chromatography
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