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Lesson 2: Data Garthering
Instrument and Analysis
Procedures
Presented by: Ma’am Rachel

Types of Data Collection
1. Primary Data Collection is the gathering
of raw data collected at the source. It is a
process of collecting the original data
collected by a researcher for a specific
research purpose. It could be further
analyzed into two segments; qualitative
research and quantitative data collection
methods.

Types of Data Collection
2. Secondary Data Collection is referred
to as the gathering of second-hand data
collected by an individual who is not the
original user. It is the process of collecting
data that is already existing, be it already
published books, journals and/or online
portals. In terms of ease,it is much less
expensive and easier to collect

Qualitative Research Method
The qualitative research methods of data
collection do not involve the collection
of data that involves numbers or a need
to be deduced through a mathematical
calculation, rather it is based on the non-
quantifiable elements like the feeling or
emotion of the researcher. An example
of such a method is an open-ended
questionnaire.

Qualitative Research Method
1. Experiment
2. Surveys (sample surveys or census
surveys)
3. Interview is a data collection strategy in
which participants are asked to talk about
the area under consideration.
4. Observation by the observer or by
personally going to the field.
5. Questionnaire - set of questions

Steps for An Effective Interview
•Prepare interview schedule
• Select subjects/ key Respondent
• Conduct the interview
• Analyze and interpret data collected
from the intervie

Classifications of Interview
A. Structured Interviews: In this case, a
set of pre-decided questions are there.
B. Unstructured Interviews: In this case,
we don’t follow a system of
predetermined questions.
C. Focused Interviews: Attention is
focused on the given experience of
the respondent and its possible effects.

D. Clinical Interviews: Concerned with
broad underlying feelings or motivations
or with the course of an individual’s life
experience.
E. Group Interviews: a group of 6 to 8
individuals is interviewed.
F. Qualitative and quantitative
Interviews: divided on the basis of
subject matter i.e.,whether qualitative
or quantitative.

G. Individual Interviews: Interviewer
meets a single person and interviews
him.
H. Selection Interviews: Done for
selection of people for certain Jobs

Observation is a method under which
data from the field is collected with
the help of observation by the
observer or by personally going to the
field.

Steps for an Effective Observation
• Determine what needs to be observed
• Select participants
• Random/Selected
• Conduct the observation (venue,
duration, recording materials, take
photographs)
• Compile data collected

Classification of Observation
1. Structured observation - standardized
conditions of observation and the selection
of related data of observation.
2. Unstructured Observation
3. Participant Observation - happens when
the observer is member of the group which
he is observing.
4. Non-Participant Observation- occurs
when observer is observing people without
giving any information to them.

Questionnaire is predefined set of
questions, assembled is a pre-
determined order. It is handy when the
researcher is trying to collect
information from large numbers of
people.

Steps For An Effective Questionnaire
• Prepare questions (Formulate & choose
types of questions, order them, write
instructions, make copies)
• Select your respondents
(Random/Selected)
• Administer the questionnaire(date,
venue, time)
• Tabulate data collected

Classifications of Questionnaire
A. Open-ended questions give the
respondents the ability to respond in
their own words.
B. Close-ended questions
- Dichotomous questions and Multiple
questions

Qualitative Data Analysis:
The data obtained through this method
consists of words, pictures, symbols and
observations. This type of analysis refers to
the procedures and processos that are
utilzod for the analysis of data to provide
some level of understanding, explanation
or interpretation. Unlike the quantitative
analysis, no statistical approaches are
used to collect and analyze this data,

Qualitative data refers to non-numeric
information such as interview
transcripts, notes, video and audio
recordings, images and text
documents.

Five Categories of Qualitative data analysis
1. Content analysis. This refers to the process of
categorizing verbal or behavioural data to
classify, summarize and tabulate the data
2. Narrative analysis. This method involves the
reformulation of stories presented by
respondents taking into account context of
each case and different experiences of each
respondent. In other words, narrative analysis is
the revision of primary
qualitative data by researcher

3. Discourse analysis. A method of
analysis of naturaly occurring talk and
all types of written text
4. Framework analysis. This is more
advanced method that consists of
several stages such as as
familiarization, identifying a thematic
framework, coding, charting, mapping
and interpretation

5. Grounded theory. This method of
qualitative data analysis storts with an
analysis of a single case to formulate a
theory. Then, additional cases are
examined to see if they contribute to
the theory.

Activity 1: What the PICS TELL
Directions: Label the pictures with the
correct research instrument being shown.

Key Answers:
1. Interview
2. Questionnaire
3. Observation
4. Survey
5. Experiment

Activity 2
Topic:
A. Research Design:
B. Research Instrument:
C. Data Gathering Procedures:
D. Respondents:

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