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![FOOTNOTES:
[A] Allans, land bordering water, like holme; and supposed to be
from the Celtic Eilean, island.
[B] Rear or Ray Crag, like Rear or Ray Cross upon Stainmoor,
from the old Norse Rá, "boundary."
[C] Fittess, like Fitz at Keswick, Colwith Feet, Mint's Feet, &c.,
seems to be akin to the Icelandic Fit (plu. fitjar), "meadow near a
river or lake;" not found in Anglo-Saxon.
Transcriber's Notes
Very few changes have been made to the published text.
Obvious inconsistencies of punctuation have been resolved.
Inconsistencies of hyphenation have been retained except those between text and index
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Quick Boot A Guide for Embedded Firmware Developers 2nd Edition Pete Dice
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- 8. ISBN 978-1-5015-1538-5 e-ISBN (PDF)978-1-5015-0681-9 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-1-5015-0672-7 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2018 Pete Dice Published by Walter de Gruyter Inc., Boston/Berlin www.degruyter.com Acknowledgments The studies, data, results, and guidelines compiled in the book are the result of many talented engineers at Intel who have a strong passion for BIOS and firmware. The contributions they have made and the time they have spent, much of it outside their normal duties, deserve to be acknowledged.
- 9. For significant contributionsto this book for analyses, cases studies, and written content, I’d like to thank these talented engineers: –Jim Pelner—who crafted the original white paper that echoes the main themes of this book and for contributing to several chapters early on. –Jaben Carsey—who wrote the shell chapter in the book above and beyond his many contributions to the UEFI shells in general. –Sam Fleming—who created Appendix A and has been one of my mentors in BIOS from the beginning. –Mike Rothman, Anton Cheng, Linda Weyhing, Rob Gough, Siddharth Shah, and Chee Keong Sim—for their exquisite multiyear collaboration around the fast boot concept and multiple case studies over the year. –BIOS vendor Insyde Software for donating feedback and volunteering for the foreword. Thanks to my program manager, Stuart Douglas, for getting me through the writing phase and then on to the finish line (are we there yet?). Reviewer comments and suggestions were extremely valuable for both editions of this work. I deeply appreciate those who took the time to provide indispensable feedback, including Drew Jensen, Mark Doran, Jeff Griffen, John Mitkowski, and Dong Wei and at my publisher, Jeff Pepper, Megan Lester, Mark Watanabe and Angie MacAllister for her work on fixing the art and tables. I would also like to acknowledge my peers in the BIOS/FW engineering
- 10. and architecture teamswithin the computer industry for their drive to make this technology an ever more valuable (and less obtrusive) part of people’s everyday lives. Lastly, I want to thank my wife, Anita, for her patience and everything she’s done to allow me time to complete this. Contents Chapter 1: System Firmware’s Missing Link Start by Gathering Data Initialization Roles and Responsibilities System Firmware OS Loader Operating System Legacy BIOS Interface, UEFI, and the Conversion Tiano Benefits Previous UEFI Challenges Persistence of Change The Next Generation
- 11. Commercial BIOS Business Award GeneralSoftware Phoenix Technologies Limited American Megatrends Inc. Insyde Software ByoSoft Value of BIOS Proprietary Solutions Making a Decision on Boot Firmware Consider Using a BIOS Vendor Consider Open-Source Alternatives Consider Creating Something from Scratch Consider a Native Boot Loader for Intel ® Architecture Just Add Silicon Initialization Summary Chapter 2: Intel Architecture Basics
- 12. The Big Blocksof Intel Architecture The CPU The Front Side Bus The North Bridge, PCIset, AGPset, MCH, Uncore, System Agent The Transparent Link (Hublink, DMI, ESI) The South Bridge, Also Known as the PIIX, I/O Controller Hub (ICH), I/O Hub (IOH), Enterprise South Bridge (ESB), and Platform Controller Hub (PCH) Data Movement Is Fundamental It’s a Multiprocessing System Architecture The Memory Map I/O Address Range The Operating System Summary Chapter 3: System Firmware Terms and Concepts Typical PC/Intel® Architecture Overview Memory Types Processor Cache
- 13. System Memory Complementary Metal-OxideSemiconductor (CMOS) System BIOS Flash Memory (NVRAM, FWH, or SPI) Real-Time Clock (RTC) System Memory Map Legacy Address Range Main Memory Address Range PCI Memory Address Range Splash Screen Status and Error Messages Display Messages Beep Codes POST Codes Master Boot Record GUID Partition Table Real Mode Protected Mode
- 14. Logical Addressing Flat ProtectedMode Reset Vector Programmable Interrupt Controller Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller The I/OxAPIC The Local APIC Summary Chapter 4: Silicon-Specific Initialization Listen to the Designer, Then Experiment, and Fix It Chipsets Processors Basic Types of Initialization Simple Bits Standard Algorithms, Minding the Ps and Qs Custom Algorithms: It’s All About Me Option ROMs
- 15. Summary Chapter 5: IndustryStandard Initialization PCI PCI Device Enumeration PCI BIOS PCI IRQ Routing with ACPI Methods PCI Recommendation PCI Power Management USB Enumeration and Initialization PCI Enumeration and Initialization of USB Controllers USB Wake from ACPI Sx (S3, S4, S5 to S0) USB Enumeration SATA SATA Controller Initialization Setting the SATA Controller Mode Enabling SATA Ports Setting the Programming Interface
- 16. Initializing Registers inAHCI Memory-Mapped Space RAID Mode Initialization Additional Programming Requirements During SATA Initialization External SATA Programming Compliance with Industry Specifications Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) ACPI Tables ACPI Namespace Summary Chapter 6: System Firmware Debug Techniques Host/Target Debugging Techniques Hardware Capabilities POST Codes Audio (Beep) Codes Serial Port In-Target Probe (ITP), a Form of JTAG Port Software Debug Methods
- 17. Console Input/Output Abstraction Disable Optimization WhereAm I in the Firmware? When Hardware Isn’t Stable, Where Do I Start? Debugging Other People’s Code Debugging PCI Option ROMs or Binary Libraries Debugging Library Code (No Source) Debugging Beyond Firmware Real Mode Interrupts System Management Mode Industry Specifications Pitfalls Summary Chapter 7: Shells and Native Applications Pre-OS Shells UEFI Shell Application
- 18. EFI/UEFI Script File DifferentFeatures between Script and App Customizing the UEFI Shell Where to Get Shells GUIs and the UEFI Shell Remote Control of the UEFI Shell Debugging Drivers and Applications in the EFI and UEFI Shells The End for the Shell Summary Chapter 8: Loading an Operating System The Boot Path The Bus The Device The Partition Table The File System Booting via the Legacy OS Interface Master Boot Record
- 19. Loading the LegacyOS Loader Legacy BIOS to OS Handoff Requirements Booting via the EFI Interface Default EFI Boot Behavior Direct Execution of a Linux Kernel UEFI Runtime Services Neither Option Summary Chapter 9: The Intel ® Architecture Boot Flow Hardware Power Sequences (The Pre-Pre-Boot) Nonhost-Based Subsystem Startup Starting at the Host Reset Vector Mode Selection Early Initialization Single-Threaded Operation Simple Device Initialization Memory Configuration
- 20. Post-Memory Shadowing Exit from No-EvictionMode and Transfer to DRAM Transfer to DRAM Memory Transaction Redirection Application Processor (AP) Initialization Advanced Initialization General Purpose I/O (GPIO) Configuration Interrupt Controllers Interrupt Vector Table (IVT) Interrupt Descriptor Table (IDT) Timers Memory Caching Control Serial Ports Clock and Overclock Programming PCI Device Enumeration Graphics Initialization
- 21. Input Devices USB Initialization SATAInitialization SATA Controller Initialization Memory Map Region Types Region Locations Loading the OS Summary Chapter 10: Bootstrapping Embedded Optimization Using BIOS and Bootloaders Platform Policy (What Is It and Why Is It Here?) Case Study Summaries Example 1 Example 2 Example 1 Details What Are the Design Goals?
- 22. What Are theSupported Target Operating Systems? Do We Have to Support Legacy Operating Systems? Do We Have to Support Legacy Option ROMs? Are We Required to Display an OEM Splash Screen? What Type of Boot Media Is Supported? What Is the BIOS Recovery/Update Strategy? When Processing Things Early Is There a Need for Pre-OS User Interaction? A Note of Caution Additional Details Example 2 Details Turn Off Debugging Decrease Flash Size Caching of PEI Phase Intel SpeedStep® Technology Enabled Early BDS Phase Optimization Platform Memory Speed
- 23. Remove PS/2 Keyboard/Mouse RemoveBIOS Setup Remove Video Option ROM Remove BIOS USB Support Divide Long Lead Pieces into Functional Blocks and Distribute Across the Boot Flow Summary Chapter 11: Intel’s Fast Boot Technology The Human Factor Responsiveness The (Green) Machine Factor Boot Time Analysis First Boot versus Next Boot Concept Boot Mode UEFI Configuration Setting Fallback Mechanisms Baseline Assumptions for Enabling Intel Fast Boot Intel Fast Boot Timing Results Summary
- 24. Chapter 12: CollaborativeRoles in Quick Boot Power Hardware Role Power Sequencing Power Supply Specification Flash Subsystem High Speed SPI Bus for Flash Flash Component Accesses SPI Prefetch and Buffer SPI Flash Reads and Writes Slow Interface and Device Access DMI Optimizations Processor Optimizations CPU Turbo Enabling Streamline CPU Reset and Initial CPU Microcode Update Efficient APs Initialization Caching Code and Data Main Memory Subsystem
- 25. Memory Configuration Complexity Fastand Safe Memory Initialization Hardware-Based Memory Clearing Efficient Memory Operations Instruction Usage SMBus Optimizations (Which Applies to Memory Init) Minimize BIOS Shadowing Size, Dual DXE Paths for Fast Path versus Full Boot PCIe Port Disable Algorithm Manageability Engine Eliminating MEBx Reducing Manageability Engine and BIOS Interactions Graphics Subsystem Graphics Device Selection Graphics Output Protocol (GOP) Support for CSM-Free Operating Systems Panel Specification Start Panel Power Early Storage Subsystems
- 26. Spinning Media Utilizing NonblockingStorage I/O Early SATA COMRESETs: Drive Spin-Up CSM-Free Intel® Raid Storage Technology (Intel RST) UEFI Driver Minimizing USB Latency Power Management Minimizing Active State Power Management Impact Security Intel® Trusted Execution Technology (Intel TXT) TPM Present Detect and Early Start Operating System Interactions Compatibility Segment Module and Legacy Option ROMs OS Loader Legacy OS Interface Reducing Replication of Enumeration Between Firmware and OS Other Factors Affecting Boot Speed No Duplication in Hardware Enumeration within UEFI
- 27. Minimize Occurrences ofHardware Resets Intel Architecture Coding Efficiency Network Boot Feature Value-Add, But Complex Features Tools and the User Effect Human Developer’s Resistance to Change Summary Chapter 13: Legal Decisions Proprietary License Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) License Key Four Clauses to the Original License Three-Clause BSD General Public License (GPL) Lesser GPL (LGPL) Separating and Segregating Code Conclusion Appendix A: Generating Serial Presence Detection Data for Down Memory Configurations
- 28. Analyzing the Design’sMemory Architecture Calculating DIMM Equivalents ECC Calculation SDRAM Width Determination SDRAM Chip Datasheet SDRAM Architecture Analysis Example Calculating Specific SPD Data Based on SDRAM Datasheet SPD Field 0x00: Number of Bytes SPD Field 0×01: SPD Revision Byte 1: SPD Revision SPD Field 0×02: Device Type SPD Field 0×03: Module Type SPD Field 0×04: SDRAM Density and Banks SPD Field 0×05: SDRAM Rows and Columns SPD Field 0×06: Nominal Voltage, VDD SPD Field 0×07: Ranks & Device DQ Count SPD Field 0×08: Module Bus Width
- 29. SPD Field 0×09:Fine Timebase Dividend/Divisor SPD Field 0×0A and 0×0B: Medium Timebase Dividend/Divisor SPD Field 0x0C: Cycle Time (tCKmin) SPD Field 0×0E and 0×0F: CAS Latencies Supported SPD Field 0×10: CAS Latency Time (tAAmin or tCL) SPD Field 0×11: Write Recovery Time (twrmin) SPD Field 0×12 RAS# to CAS# Delay (tRCDmin) SPD Field 0x13: Min. Row Active to Row Active Delay (tRRDmin) SPD Field 0×14: Min. Row Precharge Delay (tRPmin) SPD Field 0×15: Upper Nibble of tRAS & tRC SPD Field 0×16: Min. Active to Precharge Delay (tRASmin) LSB SPD Field 0×17: Min. Active to Active Refresh Delay (tRCmin) LSB SPD Field 0×18 and 0×19: Min. Refresh Recovery Delay (tRFCmin) SPD Field 0×1A: Min. Write to Read Command Delay (tWTRmin) SPD Field 0×1B: Min. Read to Precharge Command Delay (tRTPmin) SPD Field 0×1C: tFAW Upper Nibble SPD Field 0×1D: Min. Four Activate Window Delay (tFAWmin) LSB
- 30. SPD Field 0x1E:SDRAM Optional Features SPD Field 0×1F: SDRAM Thermal and Refresh Options SPD Field 0×20: Module Thermal Sensor SPD Field 0x21: SDRAM Device Type SPD Field 0×22–0×3B: Reserved Module-Specific Section: Bytes 60–116 SPD Field 0×3C: (Unbuffered): Module Nominal Height SPD Field 0×3D: (Unbuffered): Module Max. Thickness SPD Field 0x3E: (Unbuffered): Reference Raw Card Used SPD Field 0×3F: Unbuff Addr. Mapping from Edge Connector to DRAM SPD Field 0×40-0×74: Reserved SPD Field 0×75 and 0×76: Module Manufacturer ID Code, LSB SPD Field 0×77: Module Manufacturer Location SPD Field 0×78 and 0×79: Module Manufacturing Date SPD Field 0x7A–0x7D: Module Serial Number SPD Field 0×7E and 0×7F: CRC Bytes Bytes 126–127: SPD Cyclical Redundancy Code (CRC)
- 31. SPD Field 0×80–0×91 SPDField 0×92 and 0×93: Module Revision Code SPD Field 0×94 and 0×95: DRAM Manufacturer ID Code SPD Field 0×96–0×AF: Manufacturer’s Specific Data SPD Field 0×B0–0×FF: Open for Customer Use References for Appendix A Index Foreword from the First Edition How do you explain what BIOS is? I generally explain it as the code that runs when you first turn on the computer. It creates a level playing field so that the operating system has a known state to start from. If the other person has some programming knowledge, he or she generally says something like, “Oh. You’re one of those guys!” Let’s face it. BIOS isn’t sexy. The hardware engineers will always blame the BIOS engineers if the system fails to POST. It’s generally up to BIOS engineers to prove it isn’t their code that is the problem. When I first started as a lowly BIOS Engineer II, the BIOS codebase was pure x86 assembly code—thousands of files across almost as many directories with lots of cryptic comments like, “I don’t know why this is here,
- 32. but it breaksif I remove or modify it! Beware!” It took 45 minutes to do a clean compile. Comments would commonly refer to specifications that no longer existed. To say a BIOS is filled with some secret, arcane algorithms is like saying driving a Formula 1 car is just like driving on the freeway, only faster! There are no college courses that teach BIOS programming. There are no trade schools to go to. A few software and electronic engineers will be able to make it as BIOS engineers because it takes a bit of both to be successful. This book is the first one I’m aware of that attempts to shine light onto the esoteric field of BIOS engineering. A field that makes everything from the big-iron servers to the lowly smartphone turn on. This book has combined two fundamental concepts. What you need to know to make a BIOS that works and what you need to know to make a BIOS that works fast! It wasn’t that long ago that a POST in under ten seconds was considered pretty fast. Today’s standard is now under two seconds. There are topics outlined in this book that will help get you to that sub- 2-second goal. I am currently working on a quasi-embedded system that is in the sub-1-second range with full measured boot using these concepts! This book has something for the recent college graduate as well as the seasoned BIOS engineer. There are nuggets of tribal knowledge scattered throughout. Help yourself become better acquainted with the BIOS industry and read it. –Kelly Steele, Former BIOS Architect, Insyde Software, Inc., Now at Intel Corporation
- 33. Discovering Diverse ContentThrough Random Scribd Documents
- 34. down, and Matthewgallops away believing his unknown assailant to be dead. Ten months later Matthew is called from his house in Tilberthwaite to the death-bed of Tom Bratton, and comes back subdued and silent. "What did he want wi' yee?" his family clamoured. "To ex me to forgive him." "Then it was him 'at tried to rob ye?" "Niver ye mind wha tried to rob me—neahbody did rob me!" "And what did ye say till him?" "I ext him to forgive me, and we yan forgev t'udder." The slackness of anything like police in those days is illustrated by a document in possession of Mr. John Bell, which is an agreement dated 1791 on the part of leading villagers to form a sort of Trades Defence Association to preserve their property from "the Depredation of Highwaymen, Robbers, Housebreakers and other Offenders." It is signed by Edward Jackson, Isaac Tubman, Geo. Bownas (the smith), James Robinson, George Dixon, John Gelderd, David Kirkby, John Dawson, and by Thomas Dixon for Mr. John Armstrong, each of whom subscribed eighteen pence to found the association, and resolves in strictly legal form to stand by his neighbours in all manner of eventualities. The smith's ledger, already quoted, gives also a number of farmer's names in 1770-74, which may be worth recording as a contribution to the history of Coniston folk. At Littlearrow lived John Fleming and Wm. Ion; at Spone How (Spoon Hall), Geo. Dixon; at Heathwaite, John Fleming; at Bowmanstead, T. Dixon and T. Parke; at Dixon Ground, John Ashburner; at Catbank, Roger Tyson; at Brow, T. Bainbridge; at Bove Beck, Wm. Dixon; at Far End, Wm. Parke; at Tarnhouse (Tarn Hows), John Johnson; at "Utree," Geo. Walker; at Oxenfell, Christopher Huertson; at Tilberthwaite, John Jackson; at Holme Ground, Wm. Jackson; at Lane End, Henry Dawson; at Waterhead, Anthony Sawrey; at Hollin Bank, John Suert; at Bank Ground, John Wilson; at Howhead, Eliz. Harrison; at Town End (Coniston Bank), Ed. Barrow and Wm. Edrington; at Lowsanparke (Lawson Park), Wm. Adinson. Other well-known names are Adam Bell (Black Bull), John Bell, John Geldart, T. Gasketh, G. Knott, David
- 35. Kirkby, Matthew Spedding,T. and W. Towers. Many of these names are still represented in the neighbourhood, but the old 'statesman holdings have nearly all passed into alien hands. A list dated between 1830 and 1840 enumerates the acreage of fifty- three separate estates in Church Coniston, ranging from the Hall (Lady le Fleming's), over 397 acres, and Tilberthwaite (John Jackson's), over 135 acres, to Henry Braithwaite's plot of 15 perches. But of the whole number only twenty-five, or less than half, are smaller than ten acres. In 1841 the list of Parliamentary voters for Church Coniston gives twenty owners of house and land in their own occupation out of forty-six voters. In this list, James Garth Marshall of Leeds appears as owner of High Yewdale, occupied—no longer owned—by a Jackson; but there are very few non-resident landlords on the list. So late as 1849 the directory mentions as 'statesmen owning their farms in Monk Coniston and Skelwith, Matthew Wilson of Hollin Bank, John Creighton of Low Park, and William Burns of Hodge Close; in Church Coniston, William Barrow of Little Arrow, William Dixon of Dixon Ground, Benjamin Dixon of Spoonhall, James Sanders of Outhwaite, and William Wilson of Low Beck. But after the "discovery" of the lakes, in the last quarter of the eighteenth century, Coniston began to be the resort of strangers in search of retirement and scenery. In 1801, Colonel George Smith, after losing a fortune in a bank failure, settled at Townson Ground, and some years later built Tent Lodge, so called from the tent his family had pitched on the spot before the house was built, as a kind of "station," as it was then called, for admiring the view. Here in the tent, they say, his daughter used to sit, dying of consumption, and looking her last on the favourite scene. Elizabeth Smith was a girl of great charm and unusual genius. Born in 1776, at thirteen she had learnt French, Italian, and mathematics; at fifteen, she taught herself German; at seventeen, she studied Arabic, Persian, and Spanish; and at
- 36. eighteen, Latin, Greek,and Hebrew. While living here she wrote much verse and many translations, of which her Book of Job was highly commended by scholars; the manuscript in her handwriting, with a copy of her portrait, may be seen in the Coniston Museum. She died in 1806, and is buried at Hawkshead. After the death of Mrs. Smith, Tent Lodge was bought by Mr. Marshall, and occupied by Tennyson the poet on his honeymoon. His favourite point of view is still marked in the wood above by a seat now hidden among the trees. Later, the Misses Romney, descendants of the famous painter, lived at Tent Lodge; then it was taken by the late George Holt, Esq., of Liverpool. At Colonel Smith's removal to the Lodge, Tent Cottage, as it is now called, was taken by Mrs. Fletcher, one of whose daughters became Lady Richardson and another married Dr. Davy, brother of Sir Humphrey Davy. Dr. Townson succeeded them at the Cottage; then Mr. Oxley of the sawmills; then the Gasgarths, on their removal from the Hall; then Mr. Evennett, agent to Mr. Marshall. Afterwards it was taken by Mr. Laurence Jermyn Hilliard, secretary to Mr. Ruskin. Mr. Hilliard died in 1887 just as he was beginning to be well known as an artist; he is commemorated in a brass tablet in the church, and some examples of his work are to be seen in the Museum. Since his death Tent Cottage has been tenanted by his brother and sister. In 1819 Mr. Thomas Woodville bought from Sir D. Fleming a house called Yewdale Grove at Yewdale Bridge. In 1821 Mr. Binns of Bristol built the Thwaite House, and let it in 1827 to Mr. William Beever, a Manchester merchant, who died four years later, leaving two sons and four daughters, whose memory is very closely associated with Coniston. John, the eldest son, was a sportsman and naturalist; the author of a little volume entitled Practical Fly-fishing, published in 1849, and republished 1893, a memoir of the author (now again out of print). The pond behind the Thwaite was made by him, and stocked with fish; once a year he used to catch every member of his water colony, and examine it to note its growth. The picturesque "Gothic" boat house, now the gondola house, was built for his use.
- 37. One of hishobbies was the improvement of fishing-rods, and Mr. William Bell (afterwards J.P. of Hawes Bank, who died in 1896) remembered helping Mr. Beever in this and other carpentering, turning, carving, and mosaic works, and in the construction of the printing press used for his sister's little books. John Beever died in 1859, aged 64. His brother Henry was a Manchester lawyer, and died 1840. Of the four ladies of the Thwaite, Miss Anne Beever died in 1858, and is buried with her brothers at Hawkshead. Miss Margaret (d. 1874), Miss Mary (d. 1883), and Miss Susanna (d. 1893) are buried at Coniston; their graves are marked by white marble crosses close to Ruskin's. Indeed, though their local influence and studies, especially in botany (see, for example, Baxter's British Flowering Plants and Baker's Flora of the Lake District, to which they contributed, and the Rev. W. Tuckwell's Tongues in Trees and Sermons in Stones, describing their home), give them a claim to remembrance, their name is most widely known through Miss Susanna Beever's popular Frondes Agrestes, readings in "Modern Painters," and through the correspondence of Ruskin with Miss Mary and Miss Susanna published as Hortus Inclusus. In his preface to the last he spoke of them as "at once sources and loadstones of all good to the village in which they had their home, and to all loving people who cared for the village and its vale and secluded lake, and whatever remained in them, or around, of the former peace, beauty, and pride of English Shepherd Land." The old Thwaite Cottage, below the house, was tenanted by the Gaskarths after the death of David Kirkby, Esq., the last of the former owners, in 1814; and then for many years it was the home of Miss Harriette S. Rigbye, daughter of Major E. W. Rigbye of Bank Ground, and an accomplished amateur of landscape painting. She died in 1894, aged 82, and is buried beside her friends the Beevers in Coniston Churchyard. The Thwaite Cottage was then let to Professor J. B. Cohen of the Leeds University, whose works on organic chemistry are well known.
- 38. The Waterhead estatewas bought in the eighteenth century from the Thompsons by William Ford of Monk Coniston (see Mr. H. S. Cowper's History of Hawkshead, p. xvi.), and came to George Knott (d. 1784) by marriage with a Miss Ford. Mr. Knott was mentioned by Father West as having "made many beautiful improvements on his estate." In 1822 a view of the modern "Gothic" front of the house, now called Monk Coniston Hall, was given in the Lonsdale Magazine. The poet Wordsworth is said to have advised in the laying out of the gardens. From Mr. Michael Knott the place was bought by James Garth Marshall, Esq., M.P. for Leeds, whose son, Victor Marshall, Esq., J.P., still holds it. Holywath was built by Mr. John Barratt, the manager of the mines in their prosperous days, and afterwards held by his daughter, the wife of Colonel Bousfield. Mr. William Barratt, his cousin, built Holly How on the site of an old cottage; it was afterwards tenanted by Mrs. Benson, and is now occupied by Mrs. Kennington. Mr. William Barratt's son, James W. H. Barratt, Esq., J.P., now lives at Holywath. In 1848 Miss Creighton of Bank Ground built Lanehead, on the site of the old Half-penny Alehouse, for Dr. Bywater, who tenanted it for many years. Miss Creighton left the estate to the Rev. H. A. Starkie; the house was occupied later by Mrs. Melly, and since 1892 by W. G. Collingwood. Coniston Bank replaces the old homestead of Townend. It was held in 1819 by Thomas North, Esq.; in 1849, by Henry Smith, Esq.; in 1855, by Wordsworth Smith, Esq.; subsequently by Major Benson Harrison, who let it for a time to George W. Goodison, Esq., C.E., J.P., and then to Thomas Docksey, Esq. In 1897 it was sold to Mrs. Arthur Severn, who sold it to its present occupant, H. P. Kershaw, Esq. Brantwood, that is to say the nucleus of the present house, was built at the end of the eighteenth century by Mr. Woodville on a site bought from the Gaskarths. It was sold to Edward Copley, Esq., of Doncaster, whose widow died there in 1830. In 1849 it was in the occupation of Josiah Hudson, Esq., and the early home of his son,
- 39. the Rev. CharlesHudson, a founder of the Alpine Club, and one of the party of young Englishmen who first climbed Mont Blanc without guides. He joined in the first ascent of the Matterhorn, 1865, and was killed in the accident on the descent. The next resident was an artist, poet, and politician. Mr. William James Linton was born at Mile-End Road in the east of London in 1812; his father was of Scotch extraction. After apprenticeship to a wood engraver at Kennington, he worked for the Illustrated London News, and mixed with artists and authors of the Liberal and advanced party, becoming known as a writer, editor, and lecturer of much energy on the Radical side. In 1849 he left London for Miteside in West Cumberland, and in May, 1852, moved to Brantwood; after a year's tenancy he bought the little house and estate of ten acres, to which on the enclosure of the common six acres more were added. At Brantwood he also rented the garden and field between the house and the lake, and kept cows, sheep, and poultry; he anticipated Ruskin in clearing part of the land and cultivating it; in his volume of Memories (Lawrence & Bullen, 1895) he records the pleasures of his country life, as well as some of the trials of that period. He had been editing, and publishing at his own expense, a monthly magazine called The English Republic, and this was taken up again in 1854. Two young printers and a gardener came to Brantwood and offered their services, as assistants in this work; and with their help the magazine was printed in the outhouse, which he decorated with mottoes, such as "God and the People"— still to be traced in the roughcast on the wall. But its cost, however economically produced, was more than he could afford, and the magazine was dropped in April, 1855, after which he was employed on the woodcuts for the edition of Tennyson's poems illustrated by Rossetti, Millais, and other artists of the period. He tells how Moxon came to call on him and hasten the work, but could not be received into the house owing to serious illness; and how thankful he was for a ten-pound note put into his hand by the considerate publisher as they stood at the gate. At Brantwood Miss Eliza Lynn came to nurse the first Mrs. Linton in her fatal illness, and married Mr. Linton in
- 40. 1858. At Brantwoodshe wrote her novels Lizzie Lorton, Sowing the Wind, and Grasp your Nettle; also The Lake Country, published in 1864. Mr. Linton, in 1865, published The Ferns of the Lake Country, but for some years he had not lived continuously at Brantwood, and in 1866 he went to America, where he died in 1898. Mrs. Lynn Linton's best known work was Joshua Davidson, written later than her Coniston period; she died in London in 1898, and was buried at Crosthwaite, Keswick. Portraits and relics of the Lintons are to be seen in the Museum at Coniston. Another poet, Gerald Massey, lived for a time at Brantwood, and dated the dedication of a volume of his poems from that address in May, 1860. He, like Linton, is known for his advocacy of democratic opinions; indeed, it is said that George Eliot took him for model in Felix Holt the Radical. During the later years of Mr. Linton's ownership, Brantwood was taken for the summer by the Rev. G. W. Kitchin, now Dean of Durham. In 1871, however, Mr. Linton sold the house to Prof. Ruskin. Ruskin as a child often visited Coniston, and in 1830 at the age of eleven made his first written mention of the place in a MS. journal now in the Museum. In his Iteriad, a rhymed description of the tour of that date, he gave the first hint of his wish to live in the Lake District, and in the winter of 1832-33, at the age of nearly fourteen, he wrote the well-known verses which stood first in the earliest collection of his poems:— I weary for the torrent foaming, For shady holm and hill; My mind is on the mountain roaming, My spirit's voice is still. The crags are lone on Coniston ... remembering first and foremost, not Snowdon or Scotland, but Coniston. In 1837, as an Oxford man, he was here again, making notes for his earliest prose work, The Poetry of Architecture; and
- 41. one of theillustrations was a sketch of the Old Hall from the water, the view which became so familiar afterwards from his windows at Brantwood. Then for a while his interests turned to the cathedrals of France, the palaces and pictures of Italy, and to the loftier scenery of the Alps; but curiously enough he did not like the Matterhorn at first—it was too unlike "Cumberland," he said. In 1847, already a well-known author, he was looking out for a house in the Lake District, and staying at Ambleside. But the March weather was dull, and he had many causes for depression. As he rowed on Windermere he pined for the light and colour of southern skies. "The lake," he wrote home, "when it is quite calm, is wonderfully sad and quiet; no bright colour, no snowy peaks. Black water, as still as death; lonely, rocky islets; leafless woods, or worse than leafless; the brown oak foliage hanging dead upon them; gray sky; far-off, wild, dark, dismal moorlands; no sound except the rustling of the boat among the reeds." Next year he revisited the lakes in spring, and wrote soon after about a wild place he had found:—"Ever since I passed Shap Fells, when a child, I have had an excessive love for this kind of desolation." It was not, however, until 1867 that he revisited the Lakes. He came to Coniston on August 10th and went up the Old Man, delighted with the ascent. We have already quoted his description of the view. At last (it was in 1871, at the age of 52, being then Slade Professor at Oxford) he fell into a dangerous illness, and lay between life and death at Matlock. He was heard to say and repeat:—"If only I could lie down beneath the crags of Coniston!" Before he was fairly well again he heard through his old friend, Mr. T. Richmond, that a house and land at Coniston were for sale. The owner, W. J. Linton, asked £1,500 for the estate, and he bought it at once. In September he travelled here to see his bargain and found the cottage, as it then was, in poor condition; but, as he wrote, some acres "of rock and moor and streamlet, and, I think, the finest
- 42. view I knowin Cumberland—or Lancashire, with the sunset visible over the same." Next summer the house was ready for him, and thenceforward became his headquarters. From June, 1889, till his death he never left it for a night; indeed, the last time he went so far as the village was on April 7th, 1893, when he attended our Choral Society's concert. It is needless to tell over again the story of his life at Brantwood; to describe the house that he found a rickety cottage, and left a mansion and a museum of treasures; the gardens, woods, and moor he tended; the surroundings of mountain and streamlet, bird and beast, child-pet and peasant acquaintance, now familiar to the readers of his later books and of the many books that have been written about him. But here it must not be left unsaid that Coniston folk knew him less as the famous author than as the kind and generous friend; eccentric and not easily understood, but always to be trusted for help; giving with equal readiness to all the churches, to the schools and Institute; and to these last giving not only his money, but his strength and sympathy. It was he who started the first carving classes, and promoted the linen industry; he lectured in the village (December, 1883) for local charities, and—what was perhaps most effective of all—carried out in practice his principle of employing neighbours rather than strangers, of giving the tradesfolk and labourers of the valley a share in his fortunes and interests. And perhaps in his death he did them almost a greater service. It was in obedience to his wishes that the offer of a funeral in Westminster Abbey was refused, and he was laid to rest—January 25th, 1900 —"beneath the crags of Coniston," so linking his name for ever with the place he loved.
- 43. INDEX. Above beck, 47,48; Bovebeck, 77. Addison of Coniston, 48; Adinson, 77. "Allans,"44, 45. Anglian settlement, 23. Angling Association, 13. Anglo-Cymric score, 25. Arnside, 27. Ashburner of Coniston, 77. Ashgill quarry, 19, 66, 67. Atkinson of Coniston, 47-49, 57, 66, 67, 74. Bainbridge of Coniston, 77. Bank ground, 9, 34, 77. Banniside, 2, 6, 7, 18, 19. Baptist chapels, 56, 57. Barratt of Coniston, 1, 60, 80. Barrow of Coniston, 49, 74, 77. Basalt, 1. Beacons, 4, 12, 15. "Beck, brook, burn,"26. Beck Leven, 10, 62. Beever of Coniston, 8, 52, 53, 79. Bell of Coniston, 42, 68, 74, 76, 77. Bethecar, 17. Birkett, Rev. J., 49, 54. Black Bull, 1, 60, 72, 73, 77. Blawith, 15, 17, 62, 63. Bleaberry haws, 19. Bloomeries, 10, 11, 17, 62-65. Bloomsmithy rent, 64.
- 44. Boathouses, 8, 9,10. Bobbin mills, 17, 69. Bonfires, 4. Booth crag and tarn, 7. Bounding of pasture, 35. Bowmansteads, 38, 48, 76. Bownass of Coniston, 47, 50, 55, 56, 60, 65, 66, 68, 74-76. Brantwood, 10, 81-84. Brasses in church, 52, 78. British village, 15. Brow, 47, 48, 77. Brown How, 12. Buccleugh, duke of, 12. Burnmoor, 20. Burns of Coniston, 77. Bursting-stone quarry, 7. Bywater, Dr., 80. Carnarvon, Cumberland, 37. Carrs, 5, 23. Catbank, 47, 48, 75, 77. Chapels at Coniston, 57. Chapel Syke, 75. Chapman, Rev. C, 51, 54. Char, 13. Charcoal-burning, 18, 36, 63, 68. Church Coniston, 29, 32. Church of Coniston, 46-54. Circles, stone, 16-21. Clergy of Coniston, 54. Colwith, 27. Comet, 41. Conishead Priory land, 63, 65. Coniston Bank, 10, 17, 81, and see Townend. Coniston, the name, 24. Copley of Brantwood, 81.
- 45. Coppermines, 2, 13,22, 58-62. Cowerd of Coniston, 47, 48. Cowper, Mr. H. S., 14, 19, 20, 22, 27, 32, 33, 35, 65, 80. Creighton of Coniston, 73, 77, 80. Crowberry Haws, 2, 3. Crown Hotel, 74, 75. "Currock,"16. Dawson of Coniston, 76, 77. Deer-parks, 10, 33, 44, 64. Deer-traps, 20. Demetrius of Tarsus, 22. Denison of Coniston, 48. De Quincey at Coniston, 73. Devil's footprints, 34-35. Dixon of Coniston, 47-49, 74-77; Dickson, 51. Dixon ground, 2, 48, 76, 77. Douglas, Rev. J., 49, 54. Dover of Coniston, 47, 48. Dow crags, 5, 6, 23. Dykes, ancient, 19, 20. Edrington of Coniston, 77. Ellwood, Rev. T., 25, 28, 61. Evans, Rev. F., 15. Far end, 5, 47, 48, 77. "Feet, fit,"27; Fittess, 45. Fellfoot, 27. Fir island, 11. Fir point, 9. Fleming, Fletcher, 27. ---- Lady le, 53-55, 67, 77. ---- of Coniston, 47-49, 51, 66, 75, 76. ---- of Coniston Hall, 37-44, 50, 52. ---- Sir Daniel, 13, 27, 41, 42, 44, 59, 64.
- 46. ---- Sir Daniel(in 1819), 79. ---- Thomas le, 63. Floating island, 13. Ford of Monk Coniston, 68, 80. Forge, 1, 62, 69. Furness abbey, 29, 31-36, 63, 65. Furness fells, 29, 34, 35. Gaits water, 6, 45; Goat's tarn, 71. Gaskerth of Coniston, 69; Gasketh, 77; Gasgarth, 78; Gaskarth, 81. Gateside, 47. Gelderd of Coniston, 75, 76; Geldart, 77. German miners, 58-60, 64. Ghosts, 17. Giant's grave, 15. Giants of Troutbeck, 40. Gibson, Dr., 3, 19, 27, 34, 40, 42, 49-51, 55, 58, 60, 61, 75. Gill, 48, 69. Gillhead bridge, 1, 2. Glacial action, 1, 2, 11. Glen Mary, 26. Goldscope quarries, 66, 67. Gondola, 8. Green, Wm., 66, 67, 73. Gresley's novel, Coniston Hall, 43. Gridiron, 12. Grisedale, 33. "Grounds,"34. Guards, 8, 26. Half-penny alehouse, 72, 74, 80. Hall, Coniston, 3, 10, 38-44, 71, 77. Hallgarth, 48. Hare crags, 19. Harrison of Coniston, 47-49, 77, 81. "Hause,"2.
- 47. Hawkshead, 26, 31-33. ----hill, 57. Haws bank, 42, 74; Hows bank, 47, 48. Heald, 11, 18. Heathwaite, 76. High cross, 18. Hilliard, Mr. L. J., 78. Hoathwaite, 10; Huthwait, 47; Outhwaite, 77. Hobson of Coniston, 47, 48. Hodge close, 66, 77. Hodgson of Coniston, 47. Hollin bank, 77. Holly how, 80. Holme ground, 45, 77. Holms of Coniston, 47. Holywath, 1, 2, 47, 80. How head, 77. Hudson of Brantwood, 81. Huertson of Coniston, 77. Hut-circles, 18, 19. Institute, 53, 55, 56; and see Museum. Ion of Coniston, 76. Iron industries, 32, 62-65; and see Bloomeries. Jackson of Tilberthwaite, 66-69, 74-77. Jenkin syke, 22. Johnson of Coniston, 66, 77. Kendal, barons of, 29, 32, 37. Kendall, Dr., 20, 44, 55, 56. Kernel crag, 3. Kirkby quay, 9, 66. Kirkby of Coniston, 76, 77. "Kirk Sinkings,"16. Kitchin, Dean, 82.
- 48. Knott of MonkConiston, 42, 77, 80. Lakebank hotel, 12. Lake of Coniston, 8-13, 29, 32. Lanehead, 9, 74, 80. Lang crags, 1. Lawson park, 18, 33, 35, 64, 77. Levers hause, 5,6. Levers water, 2-6; Lever water, 71. Limestone, 2, 7. Line or Lang gards, 44. Linton of Brantwood, 81, 82, 84. Little Arrow, 38, 47, 48, 76, 77. Low Bank ground, 9. Low house, 48. Low water, 2, 3, 5; Lowwater fall, 3. Mackreth of Coniston, 69. "Man, maen,"4, 23; High Man, 18. Manor of Coniston, 38, 44; of Monk Coniston, 36. Marshall of Monk Coniston, 5, 9, 26, 35, 68, 74, 77, 78, 80. Meerstone, inscribed, 18. Masacks, Massicks of Coniston, 66, 74. Massey, Gerald, 82. Mills, 69, 72. Mines, see Copper. Model of Coniston, 7. Monk Coniston, 29, 31-36. ---- —— hall, 35, 80. ---- —— moor, 18. ---- —— tarns, 4, 26. Montague island, 12, 36. Moors and their antiquities, 14-20. Museum, 7, 12, 53, 55, 56, 67, 78. Nibthwaite, 12, 13, 17, 62; Neburthwaite, 33.
- 49. Nook, 48. Norman settlement,28-30, 37. Norse settlement, 26-28, 30, 37. North of Coniston Bank, 81. Oldfield, Lieut., 74. Old Man, 1-7, 23. Otters, 13. Outlaws, 33, 34, 38. Outrake, 48. Oxenfell, 27, 77. Oxness, 11. Parkamoor, 17, 33, 35, 62, 64. Park, Parke of Coniston, 48, 76, 77. Park Yeat, 47, 48. "Parrocks, parks,"33, 63, 64. Partition of Furness, 29. Peel island, 11, 12, 62, 65, 68. Pennyrigg quarries, 5, 66. Pilgrim's badge, 35. Population, 69, 70. Prehistoric antiquities, 15-21. Priest stile, 46. Priory, none at Coniston, 72. Pudding-stone, 3. Quarries, see Slate. Radcliffe, Mrs., at Coniston, 71. Railway, 61. Raven crag (Yewdale), 5. Raven tor (Old Man), 3. Rear or Ray crag, 45. Rigbye, Miss, 80. Ring mounds, 16-19.
- 50. Robinson of Coniston,47, 69, 72, 74, 76. Roman Catholics, 40, 57. Roman roads, 22. Roule, Sir R., 46. Ruskin cross, 53. Ruskin, John, 4, 7, 10, 56, 57, 74, 83-85. Saddlestones quarry, 3, 66. Sanders of Coniston, 77. Satterthwaite, 33. Sawrey of Coniston, 77. Schools, 46, 54, 55. Scrow, 2, 7. Selside, 12, 17, 62. Severn of Brantwood, 11, 55, 56, 81. Ship inn, 74. Sidney, Sir Philip, 40. Silverbank, 1, 47, 48. Simon Nick, 60. Slate quarries, 2, 4, 5, 7, 65-68. Sly of Coniston, 74. Smartfield, 48. Smith, Elizabeth, 78. Smithies, 64. Smith of Coniston Bank, 81. Spedding of Coniston, 66, 75, 77. Spoon hall, 76, 77. Springs bloomery, 10, 62, 65. Stable Harvey, 62, 65. Statesmen, 74-77. Stone rings, Burney, 16. Suert of Coniston, 77. Sun hotel, 2, 74. Sunnybank, 11, 57. Swinside circle, 16, 21.
- 51. Tanneries, 68. Tarn hows,Tarnhouse, 77. Tarns, see Monk Coniston, Gaitswater, Levers, Lowwater. Tennyson at Coniston, 78. Tent cottage, 9, 35, 78. Tent lodge, 9, 78. Thingmounts, 27-29. Thompson of Coniston, 66, 80. Thurston water, 8, 13, 29, 32, 44, 72. "Thwaite,"26. Thwaite cottage, 80. Thwaite house, 8, 79. Tilberthwaite, 47, 48, 67, 77. ---- gill, 5; Micklegill, 45. Todd, Mr. E., 56. Tom or Tarn gill, 26, 62. Towers of Coniston, 47, 48, 77. Townend, 71, 72, 77, 81; and see Coniston bank. Townson of Coniston, 49, 69, 78. Tubman of Coniston, 76. Turner the painter at Coniston, 72. Tyson of Coniston, 47, 48, 64, 66, 74, 77. Vickers of Coniston, 47, 66. Volcanic rock, 2, 7. Walker of Coniston, 48, 66, 67, 77. Walna scar, 20, 21. Warsop, Mr., 61, 62. Waterhead, 35, 77, 80. ---- hotel, 8, 9. ---- old inn, 9, 74. Waterpark (Coniston), 62, 64. ---- (Nibthwaite), 12, 33, 64; Watsyde park, 35. Weatherlam, 2, 5, 26. Welsh survivals, 23.
- 52. West, Father, 38,39, 66, 71. "Whittlegate,"46. Will o' t' Tarns, 40. Wilson of Coniston, 66, 77. Wonderful Walker, 20, 72. Wonwaldremere, 24. Wood industries, 68, 69. Woods, 36, 64. Woodville, Mr. T., 79, 81. Woollen, burials in, 51. Wordsworth at Coniston, 72, 80. Yewdale, 5, 62, 77; Udale, 48. ---- beck, 26, 44. ---- crag, 5, 10. ---- grove, 79. Yewtree, 27; Utree, 77. Youdale of Coniston, 66. ADVERTISEMENTS. Telegraphic Address:-- "SUN HOTEL, CONISTON, LANCS." Postal Address:-- "SUN HOTEL, CONISTON, R.S.O., LANCS." Sun ENGLISH Hotel LAKE DISTRICT CONISTON.
- 53. Boarding Terms from6/6 inclusive. Hot and Cold Baths. Separate Drawing Room for Ladies. Public and Private Sitting Rooms. Large or small Parties catered for. PROPRIETOR - T. SATTERTHWAITE. TYSON'S Waterhead Hotel, CONISTON LAKE, LANCASHIRE. Headquarters "Automobile Club" of Great Britain & Ireland. This First-class Establishment is the most delightfully situated of any Hotel in the Lake District. It is surrounded with beautiful pleasure grounds and select walks, from which excellent views of Brantwood, the home of the late Professor Ruskin, and Tent Lodge, for some time the residence of the late Lord Tennyson, are obtained; and embraces most interesting Lake and Mountain Views. Coniston Churchyard, the burial place of the late John Ruskin, and the Ruskin Museum, are within a few minutes walk of the Hotel. Billiards. Lawn Tennis. Private Boats. Fishing. A Steam Gondola runs daily on the Lake during the Season. Char a Banc. Open and Close Carriages and Post Horses.
- 54. Coaches Daily toAMBLESIDE, GRASMERE, WINDERMERE and LANGDALES. AN OMNIBUS MEETS ALL TRAINS ARRIVING. J. TYSON, Proprietor. JOHN BAXTER, Painter and Decorator, Dealer in Paperhangings, Glass, Oils, Colours, &c. LAKE VIEW, CONISTON, R.S.O. All Papers edged by Machine Free of Charge ESTIMATES FREE. WRITE FOR TITUS WILSON'S LIST OF LOCAL PUBLICATIONS Post Free to any Address. 28, Highgate, Kendal. 'Fairfield' Temperance Hotel, CAFE AND RESTAURANT,
- 55. R. W. REDHEAD,Prop. Opposite the Church. Also a FANCY REPOSITORY with a fine selection of Pictorial Post Cards, Crest and View China. Dark Room. JONATHAN BELL, Joiner, Builder, English Timber and Slate Merchant. Complete Undertaker. Plans made & Estimates given for every description of Building. HAWS BANK, CONISTON, R.S.O. LANCASHIRE. Titus Wilson, Printer, Kendal.
- 56. FOOTNOTES: [A] Allans, landbordering water, like holme; and supposed to be from the Celtic Eilean, island. [B] Rear or Ray Crag, like Rear or Ray Cross upon Stainmoor, from the old Norse Rá, "boundary." [C] Fittess, like Fitz at Keswick, Colwith Feet, Mint's Feet, &c., seems to be akin to the Icelandic Fit (plu. fitjar), "meadow near a river or lake;" not found in Anglo-Saxon. Transcriber's Notes Very few changes have been made to the published text. Obvious inconsistencies of punctuation have been resolved. Inconsistencies of hyphenation have been retained except those between text and index which have been resolved.
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