R S E Sjournal 4 03
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The document provides guidance on maintaining the mechanical aspects of cooling towers to keep them running efficiently. It outlines important inspection and maintenance procedures for key components like motors, gear reducers, drive shafts, fans, and water flow paths. Regular inspection and maintenance of these parts is essential to prevent operational problems, downtime, and system failures.
R S E Sjournal 4 03
- 1. PART 1 How to Keep Cooling Towers Running Strong Part one of a guide to cooling tower maintenance focuses on the mechanical aspects of cooling towers BY KEN MORTENSEN T he cooling tower is the operational portal to the nat- guide for determining the greasing periods for ball bear- ural evaporative “heat sink” for a commercial or ing motors: industrial cooling system. Its health, or lack thereof, can severely affect the cooling potential of your customer’s 1-30 40-250 Duty horsepower horsepower hvac system. Because the cooling tower is the open end of a cooling Intermittent 12 months 12 months system, it has unique maintenance requirements. The most essential subsystems of a cooling tower are the air- 8-16 hours per day 12 months 6 months flow, waterflow and structural elements. Each has distinctive characteristics that must be Continuous 8 months 4 months reviewed, diagnosed and monitored on an ongoing basis to avoid operational problems. The most difficult of these Use bearing grease recommended by the motor manu- would be the loss of the cooling tower fan at peak heat facturer or use another suitable grease for ball bearing load, but smaller structural component problems can also motors used on cooling towers. Bearings can be checked lead to dramatic system failures. for roughness by turning the outer race slowly with your fingers while holding the inner race. If the bearing feels Inspecting the airflow system rough or binds in spots, it should be replaced. The fan and its drive components (motor, gear reducer, With the motor off, check the oil level. If the oil is con- driveshaft) are a tower’s venting system. Inefficient airflow taminated, it should be drained and replaced. Regardless of limits the ability to dissipate significant heat loads, and sig- contamination, the oil should be changed once a year. nificant damage can occur without regular maintenance. Check the insulation resistance of the motor once a year. The fan and its drive components are a cooling tower’s Using a megohmmeter (with the motor off), apply poten- primary moving parts and are subject to more wear-and- tial to the winding for one minute before taking a reading. tear than any other parts of the tower. Lack of proper • Gear reducer inspection: Semiannually inspect the maintenance to the airflow system is the most common mechanical integrity and oil level of the cooling tower’s cause of tower downtime. gear reducer. Entering the tower cell, lockout and tag the Following are the important inspection and servicing motor control for the applicable cell motor. Be sure to procedures to keep in mind regarding cooling tower check that all the assembly bolts and cap screws are tight. mechanicals: To ensure that the oil plugs and pipe connections are • Motor inspection: Semiannually inspect the mechani- free from leaks, verify that their connections are in place. cal integrity, bearing lubrication and insulation integrity It also is necessary to ensure the vent on the gear reducer of the cooling tower’s motor. Inspect the motor housing is clear. Inspect the mechanical equipment anchor bolts, for damage or looseness, and remove any oil, dust or scale drive shaft coupling bolts and coupling screws. Tighten as deposits from the motor. Use the following table as a required. It also is important to check the exterior of gear
- 2. Maintaining structural and component integrity will help keep cooling towers in good shape. reducer for rust or chipped paint. If needed, touch it up (actual volts x actual amps) nameplate with a coat of epoxy paint. Horsepower = x To check the gear reducer oil level, shut down the unit (nameplate volts x nameplate amps) horsepower and allow five minutes for the oil level to stabilize. If addi- tional oil is required, it is a good idea to note the amount The calculated horsepower should equal, but not exceed, added in the maintenance logbook for future reference. the specified contract horsepower. Measurements used in • Drive shaft inspection: Semiannually inspect the drive the above calculations must be made with hot water flow- shaft for corrosion, cracking of rubber bushings and cou- ing through the tower. To obtain contract horsepower, re- plings, and looseness of hardware. Replace all rubber pitch the blades as required. For specific guidelines on re- components showing excessive deterioration, and tighten pitching, refer to the manufacturer’s service manual. all loose nuts and screws. If vibration readings indicate an • Vibration motor survey: Horizontally attach the mag- imbalance or misalignment, follow the instructions found netic base of the accelerometer to the motor housing, and in the manufacturer’s service manual. output the shaft centerline as close as possible. • Fan inspection: Semiannually inspect mechanical Using a handheld vibration analyzer, observe the fre- integrity, blade-pitch angle, torque settings and blade-tip quency domain spectrum of the vibration signal in units clearance. To inspect the fan, enter the tower cell, and of velocity. It is important to use the spectrum chart for lockout and tag the motor control for the applicable cell proper analysis. To identify the frequencies for the unit motor. Inspect the fan guard for damage and missing fas- model number, refer to the critical vibration frequencies teners, and replace any missing components. section in the manufacturer’s service manual. It is important to visually inspect each fan blade care- • Vibration gearbox survey: Monitor vibration of an fully for damage and corrosion. Remove any accumulated operating gearbox from outside the tower cell with the scale or dirt. Check to see that the drain holes of the blade use of an accelerometer permanently mounted to the are clear, and rotate the fan to ensure that the blade tips gearbox casing. The ideal mounting location is horizontal don’t make contact with the fan’s cylinder walls. in the casing surrounding the fan shaft bearing. For spe- To check the performance of the motor load, run the cific information, refer to the critical vibration frequen- fan until the motor and gearbox have reached operating cies section of the manufacturer’s service manual. temperature (approximately 30 minutes). Record the average voltage and amperage readings of all three lines Check the water-flow path for use in calculating the motor horsepower by the follow- The water-flow path includes the hot water basin, nozzles, ing equation: fill/cooling media, cold-water basin, and makeup and flow
- 3. valves at the tower. For maximum performance, the flow must be equally distributed, unimpeded and near recommended design. In order to prevent substantial loss of cooling or fill col- lapse, the following inspections should be done semiannu- ally: • Splash fill. It is important to check the condition of the splash bars – look for sagging, fallen, misplaced, broken or decaying splash bars, and excessive buildup of scale. Ensure all supporting grids are in place and evenly spaced. Be sure to check the coating on steel grids, the con- dition of the welds on stainless wire grids and the con- dition of fiberglass grids. Replace any grids showing excessive deterioration. Also, remember to examine the tower members, which support the grid itself. Use a handheld vibration analyzer to check mechanical operations. • Film fill. Look for buildup of scale, algae or other contaminants, as well as erosion, sagging, torn sheets or vides an ideal breeding ground for bacteria, check the cold evidence of ice damage. Also examine the condition of the water basin and remove buildup. Also, check the condition support members. of the sump, sump screen and anti-cavitation device (if one • Drift eliminators. The cleanliness and effectiveness of is used). The sump screen should be free of trash. drift eliminators are critical in preventing the spread of Note any corrosion or loss of metal in cold-water basin Legionella pneunophila bacteria. Make certain all air pas- components. Inspect wood, steel and fiberglass basins for sages are clear of debris and all the components are prop- signs of leaks or breakdown of sealing material. erly installed. • Makeup valve inspection and test. Semiannually It is also critical to check the condition of the seals to inspect and test the makeup valve to ensure cooling-system assure that water can’t bypass the eliminators through water supply. Operate the float valve or float switch manu- deteriorated or missing seals. Wood blades and frames are ally to make sure that it opens and closes properly. Inspect subject to severe conditions and should be checked for rot all the valve components for excessive deterioration. and decay. • Hot and cold water basin/nozzle inspection. Each Monitor structural integrity quarter, inspect the hot and cold water basin and nozzle. The tower structure provides the housing, and the air and Look for deterioration of the basic material, and check water seal that allow the tower to function. Deterioration wood for decay and steel for corrosion. Also, look for of this shell threatens the entire tower system and allows leaks between adjoining panels to prevent hot water bypass of both air and water, reducing efficiency. streams from bypassing the fill. Semiannually inspect the structure of the system. Inspect the integrity of the basin support members to Consider tower age, past servicing or repair, plant capacity ensure their integrity for continued service, including the needs, desire for more capacity and the future service life tightness of bolted joints in steel or fiberglass basins. of the unit being observed. Also, check the following: Check the iron distribution piping for corrosion and loss • Tower casing. Look for leaks, cracks, holes or general of coating material. Spot-check for leaks and tightness of deterioration, including air leaks between adjoining pan- bolted joints, and look for signs of deterioration on PVC els. Make sure that the hardware is tight and in good con- or fiberglass pipe. dition, and inspect the steel casing for corrosion or scale Inspect the distribution valve components for corrosion buildup. Examine wood casing for signs of wood decay, or signs of wear. Operate the valve manually through its including soft rot or plywood delamination. full range of travel, and reset the valves to balance the Make sure that access doors are in good working order water flow to all basin sections. Temporarily remove the and that they are shut tightly when the tower is in opera- nozzle and disassemble to check for clogging or signs of tion. It is important to properly replace asbestos cement internal wear. board (ACB) casing immediately, regardless of its condition. Be sure that all nozzle components such as removable Contact the proper federal agency such as the U.S. splash plates are in place and working properly. Also, look Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) for any loss of material resulting from corrosion or ero- or U.S. EPA, as well as local and state agencies for infor- sion, and check for adequate connection to the branch mation concerning specific regulations and requirements pipe or distribution to basin floor. Any debris found in the for handling and the disposal of asbestos wastes. basin must be removed. • Structure. Inspect the structure of a steel tower for Because buildup of sludge and accumulated debris pro- evidence of corrosion, particularly for any loss of metal.
- 4. Spot-check the tightness of bolted joints, and look for overlays are properly attached and overlay material is in signs of corrosion near welded joints on galvanized steel good condition. Regardless of ACB overlay condition, con- towers. sider replacing them to avoid potential health conse- Also look for signs of wood deterioration, including quences. through-cracks, fractures or decay in wood members. It’s important to monitor the condition of louvers, Inspect wood members both visually and by tapping with which typically are made of plywood, steel, ACB, fiber- a hammer. A dull, low-pitch sound indicates softness, glass and cellular configurations molded on fill sheets. while a higher-pitched sharp sound indicates good, solid Again, replace louvers made of ACB immediately, regard- wood. If you find soft spots, probe with an ice pick or sim- less of condition. Make sure all louvers are in place, and ilar device. look for any deterioration of the base material, such as Pay particular attention to the wood around steel or wood rot or corrosion. cast iron fasteners and connectors, as well as the bottom Check for scale buildup or biological growth to prevent of columns, as these are the primary load-bearing surfaces harmful bacteria from growing. Check condition of louver and connections for the overall tower. Spot-check the tight- support members as well as the connections between the ness of bolted structural joints, and inspect the joint con- louvers (supports) and the tower. Note the material, nectors for evidence of corrosion or other signs of deterio- arrangement and vertical spacing for future reference. ration. Check the overall condition of the material of the fan Check the assembled joints of a fiberglass or plastic cylinder, paying particular attention to any welds in steel tower to be sure that hardware is tight and in good condi- shrouds. Review the condition and tightness of all assem- tion. Look for evidence of tearing or cracking in the struc- bly and hold-down hardware, and look for any leaks ture, and check and adjust loose tension rods. between adjoining stack segments. Search for steel corrosion or wood decay in the fan Part two in next month’s RSES Journal will address deck, stairway, ladder and handrail. Make sure the fan comprehensive cooling-tower water-treatment deck support members are in good condition and con- programs.◆ nections between the fan deck and the supports are tight. Also, ensure all connections between the ladder Ken Mortensen is technical director for service solutions at and the tower are tight and in good condition. Marley Cooling Technologies. For information, send e-mail to Loose fan deck overlays are a tripping hazard, so check [email protected] or call 913-664-7723. for air leaks between the adjoining panels. Be sure that RSES Journal ~ April 2003