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Rashtrakuta dynasty and chalukyas
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- 2. Rashtrakuta Dynasty • TheRashtrakutas were originally known to be the feudatories of the Western Chalukyas of Vatapi. • Greatest ruler of the dynasty was Dandidurga. • Ruling from a smaller part of Berar • Dandidurga defeated Kirthivarman II (746–753 CE), the last Chalukya ruler of Vatapi
- 4. • Dandidurga assumedthe titles of 1. Maharajadhiraja, 2. Parameshwara and 3. Paramabhattaraha. • He developed relationships with the Pallava ruler Nandivarman II by giving his daughter in marriage to the Pallava king
- 5. Krishna I andHis Successors • Krishna I (756–775 CE) defeated the Gangas of Mysore. • His eldest son Govinda II succeeded him in 775 CE. He defeated the Eastern Chalukyas. • He later left the affairs of country to his brother Dhruva • During the reign of Dhruva (780–794 CE), the Rashtrakuta power reached its zenith.
- 6. • Dhruva defeatedDantivarman, the Pallava king. • He nominated his third son Govinda III as the heir-apparent. • The accession of Govinda III (794–814 CE) to the throne heralded an era of success like never before. • The Rashtrakuta Empire reached its height of glory.
- 7. • Govinda IIIwas succeeded by his son Amoghavarsha (c. 814–878 CE). • Amoghavarsha was a patron of literature and he patronised the famous Digambara acharya Jinasena, Sanskrit grammarian Sakatayana and the mathematician Mahaviracharya. • Amoghavarsha - great poet – Kavirajamarga – Kannada poem
- 8. • Krishna IIIwas the last great ruler of the Rashtrakuta dynasty. • He invaded the Chola kingdom • Kanchi and Thanjavur were captured in 943CE. • His army remained in effective control of Thondaimandalam, consisting of Arcot, Chengalpattu and Vellore.
- 9. • In 949CE, he defeated the Chola army of Rajadithya in the battle of Takkolam • Krishna III marched upto Rameshvaram where he built a pillar of victory. • Thus he succeeded in establishing his suzerainty over the entire Deccan region.
- 10. Religion • The worshipof Shiva and Vishnu was popular during the Rashtrakuta reign. • The famous rock-cut Shiva temple at Ellora was built by Krishna I. • There are references to Tula-danas gift or offer of gold equal to one’s own weight to temple deities. • Jainism was patronised by later rulers but Buddhism had declined
- 11. Literature • Amoghavarsha 1author of – Prasnottaramalika – Sanskrit work - Kavirajamarga - Kannada work. • The three gems of ancient Kannada literature Ponna, Pampa and Ranna were patronised by Rashtrkuta king Krishna III • Jinasena wrote the Adipurana of the Jains.
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- 13. • The rock-cut shrines at Ellora and Elephanta located in present-day Maharashtra belong to their period. • Ellora cave complex contains the features of Buddhist, Hindu and Jain monuments and art work. • Monolithic Kailasanath Temple – Rock cut temple – Ellora – Krishna 1 – 8th Century • It is similar to the Lokesvara temple at Pattadakal
- 14. Elephanta – 3Faced Lord Shiva
- 15. • Shrine atElephanta is artistically superior to the shrines at Ellora. • Ardhanarishvara and Maheshamurti three- faced bust of Lord Shiva are in Elephanta cave
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- 18. • The politicalhistory of south India during the sixth century to ninth century CE was marked by conflicts between the Chalukyas of Badami (Vatapi) (also known as Western Chalukyas), and the Pallavas of Kanchi. • Chalukya dynasty emerged as a strong power with its founder Pulikesin I (c. 543-566 CE) fortifying a hill near Badami. • He declared independence from the Kadmabas.
- 19. • The capitalBadami was founded by Kirtivarman • Pulikesin II was the defeat of Harshavardhana’s army on the banks of the Narmada. • His attempt to attack Kanchipuram was thwarted by Mahendravarma Pallava. • This led to a prolonged war between the Chalukyas and the Pallavas.
- 20. • Narasimha VarmanI (630-668), the Pallava King, attacked and occupied Badami. • Pulikesin II died in the battle. • Pallava control over Badami
- 21. State Administration • Kingwas the head of administration • Dynastic succession was not strictly followed. • Chalukyan kings claimed to rule according to dharma-sastra and niti-sastra. • Pulikesin I was well-versed in manu-sastra, puranas, and itihasas. • Chalukya kings assumed titles such as 1. Maharajan, 2. Sathyasrayan and 3. Sri-Pritivi-Vallaban.
- 22. • After defeatingHarshavardhana, Pulikesin II assumed the title of “Parameswaran” • The wild boar was the royal insignia of the Chalukyas – represent Varaha Avatar
- 23. • Chalukya dynastyappointed royal ladies as provincial governors. • maha-sandhi-vigrahika. = Council of minsters in Chalukya dynasty • political divisions for administration: Vishayam, Rastram, Nadu and Grama. • Vishayapatis exercised the power at the behest of the kings. • Mahatras were the prominent village men.
- 24. • The traditionalrevenue officials of the villages were called the nala-kavundas. • Law and order of the village was in the hands of a group of people called mahajanam.
- 25. Religion • The Chalukyaspatronised both Saivism and Vaishnavism. • They built temples for Siva and Vishnu. • Brahmin perform regular pujas and conduct festivals and ceremonies in the temples. • Chalukyas gave prominent place to Kartikeyan, the war god.
- 26. Aihole Inscription ofPulikesin II • It highlights the history of the dynasty, defeat of all his enemies, especially Harshavardhana. • king Pulikesin II, referred to as Sathyasraya (the abode of truth). • Chalukyas used Sanskrit in pillar inscriptions such as in Aihole and Maha- kudam.
- 27. Architecture • In Deccan,Chalukyas introduced the technique of building temples using soft sandstones • In Badami, 2 temples for Vishnu and one each to Siva and to the Jaina tirthankaras was bulit • Their temples are grouped into two: 1. excavated cave temples 2. structural temples. • Pattadakal and Aihole are popular for structural temples.
- 28. • The Virupakshatemple was built at the order of queen Lohamahadevi to commemorate the conquest of Kanchipuram by her husband Vikramaditya II. • The architect was giventhe title Tribhuvacharya (maker of the three worlds).
- 29. Painting • Chalukyas adoptedthe Vakataka style in painting. • Many of the paintings are of incarnations of Vishnu. • The most popular Chalukya painting is in the palace built by the King Mangalesan (597- 609).