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![From Webster's Revised Unabridged Dictionary (1913) :Watershed, n [Cf. G. wasserscheide; wasserwater + scheidea place where two things separate, fr. scheidento separate.]The whole region or extent of country which contributes to the supply of a river or lake.The line of division between two adjacent rivers or lakes with respect to the flow of water by natural channels into them; the natural boundary of a basin.Other Terms: Catchment, Drainage basin, River basin](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/rc101day1-110824093903-phpapp02/75/Rc101-day1-10-2048.jpg)
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- 1. Stream AssessmentGreg Jennings,PhD, PEProfessor, Biological & Agricultural EngineeringNorth Carolina State [email protected] Zink, PEZan Price, PEMike Shaffer, PEDave PenroseBarbara Doll, PEKris Bass, PEKaren HallMitch Woodward
- 2. What is aStream?… a body of water with a current, confined within a bed and streambanksSynonyms: bayou, beck, branch, brook, burn, creek, crick, kill, lick, rill, river, rivulet, run, slough, sykeA stream is:conduit in the water cycle
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- 4. connected to awatershedHydrologic (Water) Cycle: describes the flow of water on the planet in response to solar energy and gravityStream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices. 1998. Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group.
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- 6. Average annual precipitationis highly variable and the timing of rainfall each year is unpredictable
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- 8. Watershed: “Area of landthat drains water, sediment, and dissolved materials to a common outlet at some point along a stream channel” Dunne and Leopold, 1978Watershed form is influenced by:ClimateGeology & SoilsFluvial GeomorphologyVegetationLand Uses
- 9. Watersheds include manyland uses affecting flow and water quality
- 10. From Webster's RevisedUnabridged Dictionary (1913) :Watershed, n [Cf. G. wasserscheide; wasserwater + scheidea place where two things separate, fr. scheidento separate.]The whole region or extent of country which contributes to the supply of a river or lake.The line of division between two adjacent rivers or lakes with respect to the flow of water by natural channels into them; the natural boundary of a basin.Other Terms: Catchment, Drainage basin, River basin
- 11. North Carolina RiverBasinsRiver basins include watersheds of varying sizes and shapes, each with a network of streams delivering water to an outlet
- 12. Watershed Stream NetworkNeuseRiver Basin, NC
- 13. Watershed Functions:Transport &Storage:WaterSedimentDissolved MaterialsHabitat:AnimalsPlantsHumans
- 14. Water Transport toStreamsRainfall moves across the land as runoff or through the ground toward streams to provide baseflowStream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices. 1998. Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group.
- 15. Groundwater Influences StreamflowLosingStream Gaining StreamGroundwater Recharge Groundwater DischargeStream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices. 1998. Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group.
- 16. Streamflow Duration andFrequency:Classification based on connection to groundwaterPerennial(gaining stream)Ephemeral(losing stream)Intermittent(sometimes losing)
- 18. Strahler Stream Order:Classificationsystem describing position within the drainage network First order streams may be ephemeral, intermittent, or perennial in relation to groundwater connectionStream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices. 1998. Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group.
- 19. Stream FunctionsTransport waterTransportsedimentHabitat (aquatic & terrestrial)RecreationAestheticsSafe Water Supply
- 20. Water Transport &StorageHydrology: The study of the flow of the earth’s waters through the hydrologic cycleHydrograph: Displays change in flow (discharge, Q, over time)Peak FlowRising LimbFalling LimbMean Daily Flowwww.Geology.com
- 21. Hydrologic Responses toUrbanizationIncreased dischargeIncreased peak dischargeIncreased velocitiesShorter time to peak flowMore frequent bankfull eventsIncreased floodingLower baseflowLess ground water recharge
- 22. Hydrograph Changes Dueto UrbanizationIncreased impervious surface results in more runoff and higher peak flowUrbanRural
- 23. Stream Condition Relatedto Impervious SurfaceWater quality and stream health decline in relation to impervious surface percentageGoodFairPoorProtectedImpairedUrban Drainage NetworkDegradedSource: Center for Watershed Protection
- 24. Channel incision andbank erosion increase due to channelization and increased stormwater runoff
- 25. Urban streams havespecial challenges due to urban infrastructure (storm sewer and sanitary sewer)
- 26. In addition tostormwater and sewer systems, urban streams are also challenged by confinement
- 27. Fluvial Geomorphology:study oflandforms and the fluvial processes that shape them
- 28. Fluvial Processes:associated withflowing water, including sediment erosion, transport, and deposition
- 29. Stream: Asystem of fluvial forms & habitatsChannel (bed & banks)
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- 33. Plants & animalsPhotoCredit: Eve Brantley, Auburn University
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- 49. WatershedFluvial Processes andLandformsHow do stream systems work?What determines stream size & shape (i.e. morphology)?
- 50. Streams are ecosystemsCommunitiesof organisms and their physical, chemical, and biological environmentsCourtesy of Francois Birgand, NCSU
- 51. Stream EcosystemsMostly downstreamfluxes of energy and matterLateral and vertical connections to the riparian and hyporheic zonesCourtesy of Francois Birgand, NCSU
- 52. River Continuum ConceptConnectionsWatershedto Corridor to Stream
- 53. Biological communities upstreamand downstreamStream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices. 1998. Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group.
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- 55. Field InvestigationsWhat isliving in the stream?What are the physical and chemical conditions of the stream?
- 56. Ecosystem ServicesProvisioning –food, energy, industry
- 57. Regulating – climate,waste, nutrients
- 58. Supporting – waterquality, pest control
- 59. Cultural – recreation,inspiration
- 60. Preserving – speciesdiversitySelf-Design The reorganization, substitution and shifting of an ecosystem (dynamics and functional processes) whereby it adapts to the environment superimposed upon it. (Mitsch & Jorgensen, Ecological Engineering)
- 61. What makes astream healthy?Bed stability & diversitySediment transport balanceIn-stream habitat & flow diversityBank stability (native plant roots)Riparian buffer (streamside forest)Active floodplainHealthy watershed
- 62. 1. Bed Stability& DiversityAppropriate size sediments to resist shear stress
- 63. Riffle/Pool sequences inalluvial streams
- 64. Step/Pool sequences inhigh-gradient streamsPhoto Credit: Eve Brantley, Auburn University
- 65. Bed Stability &Diversity – ProblemsHeadcut and excess scour
- 66. Plane bed –filling of pools
- 67. Armoring2. Sediment TransportBalanceMinor erosion & deposition
- 68. Alluvial bars andbenches
- 69. Sufficient stream powerto avoid aggradation2. Sediment Transport BalanceExcess stream power – eroding bed
- 70. Insufficient stream power– aggradation3. In-stream Habitat & Flow DiversityOverhanging BankRootsWoodPoolLeaf PackPlantsRiffleRocks
- 71. Stream HabitatsMacrohabitats: riffles,runs, pools, glides, steps, side channelsMicrohabitats: roots, leaf packs, wood, rocks, plants, hyporheic zone
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- 74. What habitats doyou see?PoolLeaf PackWoodRocksRootsRiffle
- 75. 3. In-stream Habitat– ProblemsUniform flow – lack of diversity
- 76. Lack of wood,leaves, roots
- 77. Water quality –DO,nutrients, toxics4. Bank StabilityDense native plant roots
- 78. Low banks withlow stress4. Bank Stability – ProblemsLoss of vegetation
- 79. High, steep banks– channelization5. Riparian Buffer (Streamside Forest)Diverse native plants
- 80. Food and shade5.Riparian Buffer – ProblemsMowers and moo’ers
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- 82. Armoring and impervioussurfaces6. Active FloodplainRegular (every year) flooding to relieve stress
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- 84. Stormwater retention &treatment6. Active Floodplain – ProblemsChannel incision
- 85. Floodplain fill andencroachment7. Healthy WatershedStormwater management
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- 87. Upstream sediment control7.Healthy Watershed – ProblemsStormwater energy and volume
- 88. Point and nonpointsource pollution
- 89. Erosion and sedimentStreamImpairmentsStraightening & dredging
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- 96. Disdain & neglectStreamImpairment Causes (US EPA)PathogensSedimentNutrientsOrganic EnrichmentHabitat AlterationsPCBsMetalsFlow AlterationsTemperatureMercury
- 97. Why Restoration?Water qualityimpairments
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- 104. AestheticsRestoring Stream HealthWatershedmanagementFloodplain reconnectionChannel morphology – dimension, pattern, profileSediment transport balanceHabitat enhancementsBank stabilizationRiparian buffer – native plants
- 105. Stream FunctionsTransport waterTransportsedimentHabitat (aquatic & terrestrial)Recreation & aestheticsSafe Water Supply
- 106. Velocity & DischargeQ = VA = Discharge (cfs)V = Velocity (ft/s)A = Cross-Section Area (ft2)V related to slope, channel shape, and channel roughnessStream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices. 1998. Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group.
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- 109. A = 40sq ftW = 22 ftR = 1.7 ftS = 0.010 ft/ftn = 0.040V = 5.0 ft/sQ = 200 cfsA = 220 sq ftW = 55 ftR = 3.5 ftS = 0.004 ft/ftn = 0.035V = 6.1 ft/sQ = 1350 cfs
- 110. R = 1.5ftS = 0.0012 ft/ftn = 0.038V = 1.8 ft/sQ = 89 cfs = 0.11 lb/sq ftCompetence = ~30 mm
- 111. Stream Corridor LongitudinalProfileStream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices. 1998. Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group.
- 112. Sediment TransportFlowing waterdoes work:Erosion
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- 115. Erosion: Detachmentof material from bed and banks95% of stream energy used to overcome frictionRemaining energy used for Erosion Processes: Flowing water dissolves materials
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- 118. Transportation: Movementof material by waterStream Load includes:dissolved + suspended + bed loadCapacity: maximum load that can be transported for a given discharge (increases with velocity and turbulence)Competence: largest size material that can be transported for a given dischargehttp://www.uwsp.edu/gEo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/fluvial_systems/geologic_work_of_streams.html
- 119. Bedload is relatedto Discharge for Each River
- 120. Deposition:Aggradation: Raisingthe bed elevationBars: Depositional areas that may change flow directionshttp://www.uwsp.edu/gEo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/fluvial_systems/geologic_work_of_streams.html
- 121. Bed Material (Substrate)Silt/Clay:< 0.062 mmSand: 0.062 – 2 mmGravel: 2 – 64 mmCobble: 64 – 256 mmBoulder: 256 – 2048 mm
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- 123. High Slope Moderate Slope LowSlopeStream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices. 1998. Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group.
- 124. Velocity & ParticleSize Determine ProcessV = 5 ft/sV = 1 ft/shttp://www.uwsp.edu/gEo/faculty/ritter/geog101/textbook/fluvial_systems/geologic_work_of_streams.html
- 125. Shear Stress: fluidforce per unit area acting on the streambed = Rs = Shear Stress (lb/ft2) = Unit Weight of Water = 62.4 lb/ft3R = Hydraulic Radius (ft) = A / PS = Average Water Surface Slope (ft/ft)A = Riffle Cross-Section Area (ft2)P = Wetted Perimeter (ft) P = Wbkf +2*Dbkf (approx)
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- 127. A = 40sq ftW = 22 ftR = 1.7 ftS = 0.010 ft/ft = 1.0 lb/sq ftCompetence = ~250 mmA = 220 sq ftW = 55 ftR = 3.5 ftS = 0.004 ft/ft = 0.8 lb/sq ftCompetence = ~200 mm
- 128. A = 64sqftW = 32 ftD = 2.0 ftR = 1.8 ftS = 0.012 ft/ftn = 0.040V = 5.7 ft/sQ = 370 cfs =1.2 lb/sq ftCompetence = 100-300 mm
- 129. Sediment Deposition: Point bar
- 130. Lateralbar
- 131. Mid-channelbar
- 132. Transversebar
- 133. DeltabarStream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices. 1998. Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group.
- 134. Point Bars: Inside meander bends
- 135. Lateral Bars: Formed in straight channels
- 136. Lateral Bars: Formed in straight channels
- 137. Mid-channel Bars: Formed in over-wide channels
- 138. Transverse Bars: Formed in straight channels
- 139. Meandering Stream: Alluvial FormsFlow DownstreamFloodplainScarpBankfull StagePoint BarPoolLeft BankRight BankRiffleThalweg
- 140. Bankfull Stage“corresponds tothe discharge at which channel maintenance is the most effective, that is, the discharge at which moving sediment, forming or removing bars, forming or changing bends and meanders, and generally doing work results in the average morphologic characteristics” (Dunne and Leopold,1978)Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices. 1998. Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group.
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- 142. Channel Evolution(Succession)Response toincising forcesStream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices. 1998. Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group.
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- 144. Incised System: Floodplain CreationTerraceFloodplain
- 145. Stream Morphology:size andshape of channel & floodplain (dimension, pattern, profile)
- 147. Valley type affectsstream morphologyColluvium is loose sediment transported by gravity and deposited at the bottom of a slope.Alluvium is sediment deposited by a river in the channel or floodplainAlluvial valleys occur where sediment particles are dropped by slow-moving water.
- 148. Valley Types: (www.epa.gov/watertrain/stream_class)Valley Type II Moderately steep, gentle sloping side slopes often in colluvial valleysFrom EPA Watershed Academy: Fundamentals of the Rosgen Stream Classification System
- 149. Valley Types: (www.epa.gov/watertrain/stream_class)Valley Type VIII Wide, gentle valley slope with well-developed floodplain adjacent to river terracesFrom EPA Watershed Academy: Fundamentals of the Rosgen Stream Classification System
- 150. Stream Corridor LateralProfileStream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices. 1998. Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group.
- 151. Floodplains: Critical StreamComponents
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- 161. Pool Cross-Section (MeanderingStream)Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices. 1998. Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group.
- 162. Natural Stream ChannelStability(from Leopold)River has a stable dimension, pattern and profileMaintains channel features (riffles, pools, steps)Does not aggrade (fills) or degrade (erodes)
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- 168. Bank Height RatioBankfullStage: “incipient flooding”“corresponds to the discharge at which channel maintenance is the most effective, that is, the discharge at which moving sediment, forming or removing bars, forming or changing bends and meanders, and generally doing work results in the average morphologic characteristics” (Dunne &Leopold,1978)Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices. 1998. Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group.
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- 171. Riffle DimensionsWbkfBankfullAbkfdbkfMeasure BankfullWidth (Wbkf) and Bankfull Area (Abkf)Mean Depth, dbkf = Abkf / WbkfWidth to Depth Ratio, W/d = Wbkf / dbkf
- 172. Bankfull Width, Wbkf= 9.3 ft; Bankfull Area, Abkf = 13.9 ft2Mean Depth, dbkf= Abkf / Wbkf= 13.9 / 9.3 = 1.5 ftWidth to Depth Ratio, W/d = Wbkf / dbkf = 9.3/ 1.5 = 6.2WbkfdbkfAbkf
- 173. Bankfull Width, Wbkf= 36 ft; Bankfull Area, Abkf = 112 ft2Mean Depth, dbkf= Abkf / Wbkf= 112 / 36 = 3.1 ftWidth to Depth Ratio, W/d = Wbkf / dbkf = 36/ 3.1 = 11.5WbkfAbkfdbkf
- 174. Entrenchment RatioER =Wfpa / WbkfWfpa= Width of Flood Prone Area measured at the elevation twice bankfull max depth above thalwegWbkf= Width of Bankfull ChannelWfpaBankfull2 x dmbkfabove thalwegdmbkfWbkf
- 175. ER = Wfpa/ Wbkf = 75/ 15 = 5.0 WfpaWbkf
- 176. Rocky Branch PhaseII Reach 2:Priority 2 (floodplain excavation, C channel)Entrenchment Ratio = Wfpa / Wbkf = 90/20 = 4.5WfpaWbkfFlood water flows onto floodplain several times each year
- 177. Rocky Branch PhaseII Reach 1:Priority 3 (floodplain excavation, Bc channel)Entrenchment Ratio = Wfpa / Wbkf = 40/20 = 2WfpaWbkf
- 178. Bank Height RatioBHR= LBH / dmbkfLBH= Low Bank Height (Max Depth to thalweg)dmbkf= Max Depth from bankfull stage to thalwegBankfullLBHdmbkf
- 179. BHR = 5.3/ 2.5 = 2.1 Top of BankBankfulldmax tobdmax
- 182. Pattern (plan form)Alluvial(low-gradient) streams naturally meander across a valley with a somewhat predictable pattern
- 183. Meandering Stream: Alluvial FormsRifflePoint Bar (deposition)RunGlidePool
- 184. Stream Corridor Restoration:Principles, Processes, and Practices. 1998. Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group.
- 185. Oxbow Formation inMeandering StreamsStream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices. 1998. Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group.
- 186. Chute cutoff acrosstight meander bend
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- 189. Sinuosity = streamlength / valley lengthK = 1850 / 980 = 1.9 Valley Length
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- 191. Meander Length Ratio= meander length / width = 78/15 = 5.2Meander Width Ratio = belt width / width = 57/15 = 3.8Radius of Curvature Ratio = radius / width = 23/15 = 1.5 Belt Width Meander Length
- 192. Profile (bedform)Water SurfaceRiffleSlopeRun SlopeGlide SlopePool SlopeThalwegPool Spacing, Lp-pRiffle Slope Ratio, Srif / SavPool Slope Ratio, Spool/ SavPool-to-Pool Spacing Ratio, Lp-p/ Wbkf
- 193. Stream Bedform Variability:Slope Substratesize Velocity OxygenationShear stress Habitats
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- 198. High porosityImportance ofRifflesAreas of oxygenationHighly diverse substrate and habitatDiverse macroinvertebrate population
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- 203. Scour during highflowImportance of PoolsRefuge for fish during low flow, drought periodsRest stop and food area for fishPredator refuge for young fish
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- 205. Velocities:Low flow andFlood flowLittle Garvin Creek, Clemson, SC
- 206. Channel dimensions ina meandering streamwww.uwsp.edu/gEo/faculty/lemke/geomorphology/lecture_outlines/04_fluvial_landforms.html
- 207. Profile is relatedto Pattern
- 208. Stream Corridor Restoration:Principles, Processes, and Practices. 1998. Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group.
- 209. Step Pool Streams(highgradient)Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices. 1998. Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group.
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- 211. Flow diversity improveshabitat: Riffles
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- 213. PoolsNaturalStream Channel Stability(from Leopold)River has a stable dimension, pattern and profileMaintains channel features (riffles, pools, steps)Does not aggrade (fills) or degrade (erodes)
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- 221. Sediment loadLeopold etal (1964)
- 222. Channel Forming DischargesandRegional Curves
- 223. Channel-forming (dominant) dischargeEstimatedusing:Effective discharge
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- 225. Discharge associated withrecurrence interval (typically 1 to 2 year)Effective DischargeTransports the most sediment over a long time
- 226. Bankfull DischargeFlow fillsactive channel and spreads onto floodplainRepresents break between channel & floodplain processesFor channel in equilibrium, assumed to equal the effective dischargeReturn Period typically 1 to 2 years
- 227. Bankfull Stage“corresponds tothe discharge at which channel maintenance is the most effective, that is, the discharge at which moving sediment, forming or removing bars, forming or changing bends and meanders, and generally doing work results in the average morphologic characteristics” (Dunne and Leopold,1978)Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices. 1998. Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group.
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- 229. Bankfull IndicatorsTop ofstreambank (floodplain)
- 230. Break in slopeon streambank
- 231. Top of pointbarBankfullBankfull
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- 236. Channel Evolution(Succession)Response toincising forcesStream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices. 1998. Federal Interagency Stream Restoration Working Group.
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