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Slavers Throwing
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Dead and Dying-
Typho[o]n Coming
on
1840, oil on canvas](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/2nd-art-his-presentation-final-1321124564-phpapp02-111112130902-phpapp02/75/Realism-Romanticism-Impressionism-Art-His-Presentation-Lois-Pam-Zach-SS-43-2048.jpg)
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Realism, Romanticism, Impressionism Art His Presentation Lois, Pam, Zach, SS
Romanticism began in Germany and England in the 19th century as a reaction against Enlightenment ideals. It emphasized emotions, individualism, nature and the supernatural. Key artistic movements included Impressionism in France which focused on capturing fleeting impressions using visible brush strokes, loose compositions and light/color. In 19th century France and Europe, Romanticism coincided with the rise of nationalism, industrialization, urbanization and social/political changes like the French Revolution. Artists like Delacroix and Turner embraced Romanticism through their expressive use of color, light, and landscapes to depict emotions and contemporary subjects.
Realism, Romanticism, Impressionism Art His Presentation Lois, Pam, Zach, SS
- 1.
- 2. What is Romanticism? •Began in Germany and England • Entered Europe in 19th century • Deeply connected with politics and was the voice of changes that Europe went through
- 3. Origins of Romanticism • Folklore and popular art • Nationalism • Shakespeare • Gothic romance • Medievalism • Emotions • Religion • Individualism • Nature • Victorianism
- 4. Impressionism • Originated inFrance in the last quarter of 18th century as a reaction against traditional art and its strict rules • Concentrated on the impression produced by a scene or object • A lot of colours • Little details
- 5. Impressionism • More ofa state of mind than a technique • ‘Sunrise’ by Claude Monet Sunrise, by Claude Monet
- 6. Subjects of impressionism • Scenes from everyday life • Nature • People • Paris • Still life
- 7. Impressionist technique • Colour • Brush work • Locale • Composition
- 8. 19th century France •Begin with French Revolution and ended with outbreak of WWI • By the end of 19th century, sense of national identity increased
- 9. Social Climate of19th century France • 2nd most populated country in Europe in early 19th century, but experienced a drop in population in second half of 19th century • Immigration
- 10. Social climate of19th century France • Education: – literacy rate increased drastically. – Education improved. • Religion: – less stress in the importance of religion
- 11. Political climate in19th century France • Urbanization and industrialization • In brief: – 1804-1814: First French Empire under Napoleon – 1814-1830: Restoration under Louis XVIII and Charles X – 1830-1848: July Monarchy under Louis Philippe d’Orleans – 1848-1852: Second Republic – 1852-1871: Second Empire under Napoleon III – 1871-1940: first decades of the Third Republic
- 12. 1804-1814: First FrenchEmpire under Napoleon • Napoleon named First Consul for life • Empire was authoritarian and freedom restricted • Control over religion • Invasion of other countries • Napoleon abducted as emperor and Louis XVIII installed as King of France
- 13. 1814-1830: Restoration underLouis XVIII and Charles X • Louis XVIII ended more than 2 decades of war, peace treaty imposed • Charles X of France more conservative. • People unhappy and forced Charles X of France to flee. • Louis-Philippe took over as King of the French, not King of France Louis XVIII
- 14. 1830-1848: JulyMonarchy under Louis Philippe d’Orleans • Liberal monarchy • Importance given to middle class people instead of the wealthy and noble
- 15. 1848-1852: Second Republic • New constitution adopted • Executive power given to President of the Republic • Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte as president
- 16. 1852-1871: Second Empireunder Napoleon III • Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte suddenly seized power from the government and declared himself Napoleon III • On the surface, France faced economical success but Napoleon’s regime was threatened to be brought down
- 17. 1871-1940: first decades of the Third Republic • Accidental and unloved republic • Politically unstable • Period of imperial expansion and scientific and artistic achievement. • McMahon, a republican, assigned as President. Monarchist unhappy.
- 18. 1871-1940: first decades of the Third Republic • Scandals: Boulanger Affair, the Panama Scandal, the Dreyfus Affair, struggle between church and state. • However, also known as the Belle Epoque (Beautiful period) – Paris became center of Fashion and culture – Impressionist school of painting – Music and writing – Scientific and technological achievements
- 19. 19th Century Europe •Feminist ideas and social movements emerged. • Feminist ideas fueled by social, intellectual, political, economic and cultural transformation in Europe • Romanticism also helped in the feminist movement • Revolution of 1840 created opportunities
- 20. 19th century Europe •Democratic government • More people could vote (First, working class men, then gradually, women) • Ideas of equality, cooperation, democracy and shared prosperity
- 21. Eugene Delacroix • Ferdinand-Victor-Eugene Delacroix • Born on April 26, 1789 in Charenton St.Maurice, France • Passed away on 13 August, 1863 in Paris
- 22. Eugene Delacroix • Oneof the greatest and most influential French painters • Romanticism art style • Use of colours influenced impressionist painters • Used rough but swinging brush strokes, experimented with light and colours, neglected proper use of perspective • More than 850 paintings, and more than 2000 drawings, murals and other works. Illustrated books. • Subjects: Classical battles
- 23. Eugene Delacroix The Womenof Algiers Borders Christ on Lake Genesareth Louis d’Orleans showing his mistress The Battle of Taillebourg
- 24. Liberty Leading thePeople
- 25. Liberty Leading thePeople • July Revolution of 1830, when Charles X of France was toppled • Delacroix’s best known work • In brief: women’s image used to represent divine purity but in social context, women treated with little personal liberty. Delacroix vision of ‘liberty’ connect 2 different worlds. Shows his romantic spirit.
- 26. Liberty Leading thePeople • 3 methods used to examine Delacroix’s work and how it relates to the social-political climate of the 19th century France/ Europe. By: – Erwin Panofsky – Heinrich Wolffin – Arnold Hauser
- 27. Erwin Panofsky Pre-iconographical • What we see in the painting • Large canvas with group of armed individuals • Female figure • Young boy waving hands equipped with guns • Armed men with rifles, pistols and sabers • Individual trying to rise up • Silhouettes of buildings in fuzzy landscape • Notre Dame Church
- 28. Erwin Panofsky Iconographical Analysis • Pyramid composition draws attention to the female • Liberty- Sculpture Nike of Samothrace • Liberty- represents women who fought alongside men during July Revolt
- 29. Erwin Panofsky Iconographical Analysis • Young boy- new generation who fought against ruling authorities • Left of painting- French society, different social class fighting alongside one another
- 30. Erwin Panofsky Iconographical Analysis • Man with top hat- revolutionary middle class • Crawling character- French Republic trying to rise again • Dead man- sacrifices have to be made
- 31. Erwin Panofsky Iconographical Analysis • Dead soldiers on the right- fall of King Charles X
- 32. Erwin Panofsky Iconographical Interpretation • Emphasize of the female character • Reflection of troubles of the civil disorder
- 33. Heinrich Wolffin Use of colour • Various dark tone, but red, white and blue prevails. • France lives on
- 34. Arnold Hauser’s Interpretation • Perception of historical truth regulated though social conditions • Socio-political situation in France, painting represents social discontent • Each character a specific social issue
- 35. Arnold Hauser’s Interpretation • Man in top hat- lack of unity and hesitation • Young boy- young, bored with insufficiency of changing governments. Poor and homeless. • Left of painting- people ready to reconstitute republican values
- 36. Joseph Mallord WilliamTurner
- 37. J.M.W Turner • FamousEnglish romantic landscape and marine artist. • Works gradually show less form and more effects of light and color. • More and more interested in natural and atmospheric elements. Dido building Carthage, 1815 Rain, Speed and Steam, 1844
- 38. What was the 19th century UK/Europe like? • 1801 – 1900 • Victorian era • Ongoing industrial revolution/2nd phase of industrial revolution: resulted mainly in Population boom Economic boom
- 39. Water color series,1820s Plymouth over Mount Batten 1819, Watercolor
- 40. Battle of Trafalgar,1822 Battle of Trafalgar 1822, oil on canvas
- 41. Battle of Trafalgar,1806 The Battle of Trafalgar, as Seen from the Mizen Starboard Shrouds of the Victory 1806, oil on canvas
- 42. The Fighting Temeraine,1838 The Fighting Temeraire tugged to her last Berth to be Broken up 1838, oil on canvas
- 43. The Slave Ship,1840 Slavers Throwing Overboard the Dead and Dying- Typho[o]n Coming on 1840, oil on canvas
- 44. Peace – Burialat sea, 1842 Peace-Burial at Sea 1841, oil on canvas
- 45. Rain, Steam andSpeed, 1844 Rain, Steam, Speed 1844, Oil on Canvas
- 46. Realism and thePainting of Modern Life How realism came about? • Royal Academy supported age-old belief that art should be: -morally uplifting -refined -inspired by the Classical tradition -good reflection of culture -beauty • Trying to keep young 19th century artists’ eyes on the past became an issue. • World changing rapidly artists wanted work to be about their environment, about themselves, their perceptions of life
- 47. Realism and thePainting of Modern Life • They believed modern era deserved to have modern art • During Industrial Revolution in late 18th century, basic necessities were modernised. Modern life was about social mixing, social mobility, and generally faster pace. • With such progress, paintings and sculptures about Classical gods and biblical stories cannot relate to a population keeping up with this progress. • Therefore, Social Realism developed to go against idealism and the exaggerated ego of Romanticism.
- 48. Realism and thePainting of Modern Life • Effects of Industrial Revolution became apparent gap widened between rich and poor. • With a sense of social consciousness, Social Realists pledged to “fight the beautiful art”. • They focused on ugly realities of life and sympathized with working-class people (esp. poor). • They recorded and painted what they saw (“as it existed”).
- 49. Realism and thePainting of Modern Life What exactly is Realism? • Realism movement in French art is an artistic movement. • Flourished from about 1840 until the late 19th century. • Sought to convey truthful and objective vision of current life. • Usually depicts social and racial injustice, economic hardship, through unvarnished pictures of life's struggles.
- 50. Realism and thePainting of Modern Life Neo-classicism & Romanticism VS. Realism
- 51. Realism and thePainting of Modern Life Gustave Courbet • Gustave Courbet, set himself up as the leader for a new art: Realism. • He believed that if he could not see something, he should not paint it. • He decided that his art should have a social consciousness to awaken self-involved Parisian to social concerns.
- 52. Realism and thePainting of Modern Life • To achieve honest and straightforward depiction of life, he avoided idealized academic technique and employed a deliberately simple style, which seemed crude to many critics. • He created controversy by addressing social issues in his work, and painting subjects which considered vulgar (e.g. bourgeoisie, peasants, working conditions of poor). • He believed that only possible source for a living art is the artist's own experience.
- 53. Realism and thePainting of Modern Life Courbet returns art to those who know about life, not those who have been trained or educated to comment upon it. He relegates it to where it started out hundreds of years ago. Discuss this in relation to ‘Realism’. • During French revolution, gap between rich and poor widened. • Art at that time depicts wealth and superiority of the past, thus seemed as though art was made for the rich. • Romanticism, which was optimistic about mankind could not relate to middle-class and poor. • Art at that time only relates to the rich (upper class) and seemed to specifically be created for them.
- 54. Realism and thePainting of Modern Life • Through Realism, Courbet wanted Art to portray the real things and depicts current situation of society, NOT idealised characters or scenes. • He wanted to return art to people who actually experience it and know about life. • He wanted Art to be not just for the rich but also for the poor. • He created art that the poor could understand and relate to and at the same time create a social awareness in the society.
- 55. Realism and thePainting of Modern Life • Thus, through Realism, Courbet offered a stark vision of poverty and despair. His art did not focus on beauty but ugly side of the real situation at that time. • He made Art the way it used to be hundreds of years ago, when everyone can appreciate and relate to it.
- 56. The Painting ThatChanged Everything
- 57. 18th to 19thCentury France • Industrial revolution • Gap between classes widens • ¾ Frenchmen lived by farming • Art was dominated by renaissance • Idealized Paintings • High art executed in the grand manner • Art serves the rich and powerful
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- 59. The Upper Class • Rich and powerful • Art only affordable to them • See themselves as leaders of France • Believes it’s the golden age of Europe • Chose to ignore the problems of lower class
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- 61. The Lower Class • Lowly skilled • Large numbers of child labor • Underpaid • Unappreciated • Generations of poverty
- 62. The Salon • Officialexhibition in Paris • Greatest annual art event (1748~1890) • The Nobel prize of art
- 63. The Salon • Artist,Art Critics, Upper class
- 64.
- 65. The Salon • 1850public shocked by a series of artworks
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- 68.
- 69. The Stonebreakers • Unflatteringrealism • Revolutionary in art • Confrontational in contents • Indictment of the prevailing economic/ political system • Birth of Realism in art
- 70. Realism • Defiance fromthe status quo of art • Heralded a general move away from the 'ideal' towards the ordinary • depict real-life situations stripped of aesthetics and universal truths
- 71. Public responses • Courbet was called the murderer of art • Works deemed ugly • Rejected for exhibitions • Denunciations from critics • “Engine of revolution”
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- 75. 1856 • Courbet visitedGermany • Welcomed by the artistic community • Undisputed leader of the new generation of French realist movement
- 76. Realism rise inrecognition • Public starts to tolerate realism • Inspired artist of Impressionisms, literature, and performing arts
- 77. Realism rise inrecognition • Works of realism and Impressionism was allowed for display once again • Realism took over romanticism art and idealist • Beginning of an new era in art history
- 78. Fate of TheStonebreakers • Destroyed during world war 2 near Dresden, bombed by Allied forces in Feb 1945 • Though the painting is destroyed, the influence carries on till today • Root of modernism
- 79. “True realism consistsin revealing the surprising things which habit keeps covered and prevents us from seeing.” Jean Cocteau
- 80. “Art is alie that makes us realize truth.” Pablo Picasso
- 81.
- 82. Photos Delacroix http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix Delacroix http://www.artunframed.com/delacroix.htm Dido building carthage: http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/upload/img/turner-dido-building- carthage-NG498-fm.jpg Flag of France http://graafix.blogspot.com/2011/05/wallpapers-flag-of-france.html Frightened Horse http://www.prints.co.nz/page/fine-art/PROD/1225 Gustave Courbet http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255- s01/boheme/courbet.htm
- 83. Photos Delacroix http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix Delacroix http://www.artunframed.com/delacroix.htm Dido building carthage: http://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/upload/img/turner-dido-building- carthage-NG498-fm.jpg Flag of France http://graafix.blogspot.com/2011/05/wallpapers-flag-of-france.html Frightened Horse http://www.prints.co.nz/page/fine-art/PROD/1225 Gustave Courbet http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255- s01/boheme/courbet.htm
- 84. Impresionistic art http://www.galleryartcenter.com/art/Impresionistic_art.html Impressionist paintings http://www.theartwolf.com/articles/50-impressionist-paintings.htm Impressionist seascape http://www.bridgat.com/files/18th_Century_American_Impressionist_Seasca pe.jpg Impression, sunrise http://blogs.cornell.edu/stap_kj83/ Impression-sunrise http://modernart2011.blogspot.com/2011/02/impression-sunrise.html John Constable, View on the Stour near Dedham 1822 http://toffsworld.com/lifestyle/art-information/romanticism-constable/
- 85. Liberty leading thepeople http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Liberty_Leading_the_People.jpg Louis XVIII and Napoleon http://blog.catherinedelors.com/louis-xviii-and-napoleon-the-king-and-the- emperor/ Napoleon http://www.french-at-a-touch.com/French_History/napoleon_i_1804- 1814.htm Peace – Burial at sea : http://www.tate.org.uk/servlet/ViewWork?cgroupid=999999996&workid=14 784&searchid=10534&tabview=image Plymouth over Mount Batten: http://media.artfinder.com/works/r/vanda/6/6/7/78766_full_570x374.jpg
- 86. Self portrait (Turner): http://www.artble.com/imgs/e/d/0/45775/joseph_mallord_william_turner.jp g Sunrise http://www.cs.ucf.edu/~MidLink/Impress.html Snow effect by Camille Pissarro http://site.artsheaven.com/blog/2011/08/famous-impressionist-artists-of- the-19th-century/ The battle of Trafalgar 1806 : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turner,_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_(1806).jpg The battle of Trafalgar 1822: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Turner,_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_(1822).jpg The fighting temeraine: http://www.victorianweb.org/painting/turner/paintings/temeraire.html
- 87. The Stone Breakers http://www.usc.edu/schools/annenberg/asc/projects/comm544/library/imag es/162.html The Stone Breakers http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stone_Breakers The Stone Breakers http://streamsandforests.wordpress.com/2010/06/15/the-stone-breakers/ The Stone Breakers – Gustave Courbet http://kdigital.tumblr.com/post/357145975/the-stonebreakers-gustave- courbet The women of Algiers http://judaica-art.com/art-masterpieces-by-artist/euga-ne-delacroix/eugene- delacroix-the-women-of-algiers-fine-art-oil-painting-gallery/prod_1907.html 19th century france http://www.littlesisters.org/history.html
- 88. Research - Websites Bobbie, “Joseph William Turner”, < http://www.hoocher.com/Joseph_William_Turner/Joseph_William_Turner.ht m >, Consulted July 10, 2010 Brians, Paul, “Socialism”, < http://public.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/socialism.html >, Consulted March 28, 2005 Encyclopædia Britannica Online, “France”, < http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/215768/France/40437/The- Second-Republic-and-Second-Empire >, consulted October 31, 2011 Ellen, “J.M.W. Turner”, < http://www.ellensplace.net/turner4.html >, Consulted September 8, 2005 Finocchio, Ross. "Nineteenth-Century French Realism". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. < http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/rlsm/hd_rlsm.htm >, Consulted October 2004
- 89. Fischer Katie, “Courbet,Manet and Modernity”, < http://evergreen.loyola.edu/brnygren/www/Honors/modernity.htm >, Consulted April 28, 2009 Geerte, “July Monarchy (1830-1848)”, < http://19thcentury.wordpress.com/2008/07/20/july-monarchy-1830-1848/ >, consulted July 20, 2008 Gersh-Nesic, Beth, “ Realism ”, < http://smarthistory.khanacademy.org/realism.html > Hoving, Thomas, “J.M.W. Turner, One of A Kind, Once and Forever”, < http://www.artnet.com/magazineus/features/hoving/hoving7-17-08.asp >, Consulted July 1, 2008 Hudelson, “Movements in Late Nineteenth Century Art”, < http://daphne.palomar.edu/mhudelson/StudyGuides/19thCent_WA.html >, Consulted June 8, 2005
- 90. Landow, George P.,“J.M.W.Turner’s Slave Ship”, < http://www.victorianweb.org/art/crisis/crisis4e.html >, Consulted July 15, 2007 Lynn University, “Realism”, < http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/arts/painting/modernity/realism/reali sm/realism.htm >, Consulted April 29, 2003 National Gallery of Art, “J.M.W. Turner exhibition”, < http://www.nga.gov/press/exh/242/index.shtm >, Consulted September 11, 2007 Pioch, Nicolas, “Turner”, < http://www.ibiblio.org/wm/paint/auth/turner/ >, Consulted October 14, 2002 Rosenthal, Donald, “Gustave Courbet”, < http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/Art/Courbet/Courbet.shtml>, Consulted October 30, 2011
- 91. Research - Websites Bobbie, “Joseph William Turner”, < http://www.hoocher.com/Joseph_William_Turner/Joseph_William_Turner.ht m >, Consulted July 10, 2010 Brians, Paul, “Socialism”, < http://public.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/socialism.html >, Consulted March 28, 2005 Encyclopædia Britannica Online, “France”, < http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/215768/France/40437/The- Second-Republic-and-Second-Empire >, consulted October 31, 2011 Ellen, “J.M.W. Turner”, < http://www.ellensplace.net/turner4.html >, Consulted September 8, 2005 Finocchio, Ross. "Nineteenth-Century French Realism". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. < http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/rlsm/hd_rlsm.htm >, Consulted October 2004
- 92. Sache, Ivan, “France:Second Republic (1848-1852)”, < http://flagspot.net/flags/fr_secdr.html >, consulted December 03, 2010 Sklar, Kathryn, “From Wollstonecraft to Mill: What British and European Ideas and Social Movements Influenced the Emergence of Feminism in the Atlantic World, 1792-1869?”, < http://womhist.alexanderstreet.com/awrm/intro.htm >, consulted Spring 2002 SparkNotes Editors, “SparkNote on Europe (1848-1871).”, SparkNotes LLC. n.d.., < http://www.sparknotes.com/history/european/1871/ >, consulted October 18, 2011. Tonge, Stephen, “The Third Repubic 1870-1914”, < http://www.historyhome.co.uk/europe/3rd-rep.htm >, consulted January 5, 2011 Victorian web, “J.M.W. Turner: Overview”, < http://www.victorianweb.org/painting/turner/index.html >, Consulted June 10, 2005
- 93. Research - Websites Bobbie, “Joseph William Turner”, < http://www.hoocher.com/Joseph_William_Turner/Joseph_William_Turner.ht m >, Consulted July 10, 2010 Brians, Paul, “Socialism”, < http://public.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/socialism.html >, Consulted March 28, 2005 Encyclopædia Britannica Online, “France”, < http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/215768/France/40437/The- Second-Republic-and-Second-Empire >, consulted October 31, 2011 Ellen, “J.M.W. Turner”, < http://www.ellensplace.net/turner4.html >, Consulted September 8, 2005 Finocchio, Ross. "Nineteenth-Century French Realism". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. < http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/rlsm/hd_rlsm.htm >, Consulted October 2004
- 94. Visual-Arts-Cork, “Realism ArtMovement”, < http://www.visual-arts- cork.com/history-of-art/realism.htm >, Consulted October 12, 2011 Wikipedia, “France in the long nineteenth century”, < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_in_the_long_nineteenth_century >, Consulted October 30, 2011 Wikipedia, “Gustave Courbet”, < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustave_Courbet >, Consulted October 31, 2011 Wikipedia, “Social Realism”, < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_realism >, Consulted October 31, 2011
- 95. Witcombe, Christopher L.C. E., “Modernism: The Roots of Modernism”, < http://arthistoryresources.net/modernism/roots.html>, Consulted September 23, 2011 Wojtek, “UK main historical events”, < http://www.uk.filo.pl/uk_main_historical_events.htm#9 >, Consulted January 8, 2010 Worsley, Peter, “Contemporary Social Realism”, < http://www.peterworsley.com/Links/Contemporary_Social_Realism.html >, Consulted April 2010