Downloaded 30 times
More Related Content
Similar to Representation 08 10 18
Representation 08 10 18
- 1. What and who isbeing represented?
- 2. RepresentationRepresentation Representation – Howgroups, events, places or social changes are portrayed in the media; how they are re - presented. Representations offer a version of reality. Representations are subjective rather than objective and are constructed. Influenced by someone’s opinion Influenced by someone’s opinion
- 3. RE PRESENTATION –presented by someone
- 4. How can aperson be represented differently?
- 5. Is this imagesimply reality? NO
- 6. How can aperson be represented differently? •The way they are photographed (expression/make-up) •Airbrushed (touch up)
- 8. Representation can makeor break a career
- 9. Truth or Lies? •Media representations – and the extent to which we accept them – is a very political issue • The influence of media = major impact on the way we see the world • Our prejudices can be reinforced or shattered • Audiences accept that the media are fictional – sometimes!
- 10. Representation The audience canalso read the representations in a biased way, or from a particular point of view. It can be a problem if we see a biased representation so often that we start to believe it is real or true?
- 11. Google results for‘youth/youth culture’
- 12. Lily Allen How wouldyou describe Lily Allen in this picture? Write down 3 adjectives.
- 13. How is LilyAllen represented here? Write down another 3 adjectives.
- 14. Studying Representation Key pointsto consider when analysing representations: 1.What is being represented? 2.How is it being represented? 3.Who is responsible for the representation? 4.How can the representation be interpreted? Consider the Lily Allen examples as we work through each of these points…
- 15. 1. What isrepresented? What information does the text give you about characters, places or subject matter? Consider denotation and connotation – analyse the technical elements (camerawork, mise-en-scene, editing, sound) and the meaning created for the audience.
- 16. 2. How isthis representative of social groups? Consider what it says about particular social groups (gender, age, sexuality, ethnicity, physical ability/disability, regional identity and class/status). Consider positives and negatives and use of stereotypes. Does your text reinforce or challenge stereotypes?
- 17. 3. Who isresponsible for the representation? Consider the programme makers and the institutions responsible for production. What agenda do the producers have? Why would they want to represent things in a certain way? - think about target audience, genre, commercial aspect or artistic expression, etc.
- 18. 4. What doesthe audience make of it? Taking all of the above into account what might the audience response be? However, as we know not everyone will respond to the text in the same way so there is not one answer to this!
- 19. Studying Representation • Whoproduced it? • What/who is represented in the text? • How is that thing represented? • Why was this particular representation selected? • What frame of reference does the audience use when understanding the representation?
- 20. Reality is subjectto mediation
- 21. Representation Reality The real world Mediation The processof producing a film text. Representation The text itself. A ‘representation’ of the real world.
- 22. Which of thefollowing do you think accurately represents reality: • a television newscast? • a documentary? • a Reality TV programme? • a TV drama?
- 23. Constructed reality The truthis, that none of these programmes accurately reflect reality. Reality is mediated in all four examples. i.e. a newscast story or documentary is never entirely objective. •It may contain slant or bias. •It may only show one aspect of an issue. •It contains many camerawork and editing decisions that will have an effect on meaning created.Also, the types of stories that make the news - the "if it bleeds it leads" approach does not create a well-rounded picture of events as they occur in real life.
- 24. KEY POINT: realityon television is constructed TV drama takes a further step into constructed reality by dealing with characterisations and dramatic elements within those characters lives. TV dramas, although fictitious, may perpetuate stereotypes that influence our perceptions about different groups of people.
- 27. Stereotypes • Short hand •Not realistic • Often impolite
- 28. Stereotyping Involves • Simplification •Exaggeration or Distortion • Generalisation • Presentation of cultural attributes as being ‘natural’.
- 30. The Countertype • Acountertype is a positive stereotype • It emphasizes the positive features about a person. • An example of a countertype is that all religious people are kind.
- 31. ARCHETYPES Characters seen againand again
- 32. Analysing Representation The factorsof representation most commonly addressed are: • Sexuality • Ability/Disability • Regional/National identity • Class & Status • Age • Gender • Ethnicity
- 33. Representation of Genderin health magazines
- 35.
- 36.
- 37.
- 38. Chris Redfield Resident Evil LaraCroft Tom Raider 1996 Representations of gender in Video Games
- 39. Up until quiterecently female characters tended to play secondary roles, and were often represented in sexualised ways - again perhaps an an aspiration or fantasy image of a girlfriend for many gamers? Representations of gender in Video Games
- 42. CONTEXT – Historicalrepresentation Bounty Advert 1950s Bounty 2000 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z3Mzwi2pTEI
- 43.
- 44.
- 45. WHO has createdthe representation? Gatekeeping ‘gatekeepers’ - that is the people who are part of the decision making process in the construction of media texts.
- 46. WHO has createdthe representation? Gatekeeping Who do you consider to be gatekeepers?
- 47.
- 48.
- 49. Richard Dyer’s Typography(1985) 1.What is represented? 2.How is this representative of social groups? 3.Who is responsible for the representation? 4.What does the audience make of it?
- 50. Questions we wouldask when analysing representations: WHO or WHAT is being represented? HOW is the representation created? WHO has created the representation? WHY is the representation created in that way? What is the intention? WHAT is the effect of the representation? Richard Dyer’s Typography (1985)Richard Dyer’s Typography (1985)
- 51. Reception Theory Stuart Hall’sReception Theory (encode/decode) •Preferred/Dominant reading •Oppositional reading •Negotiated reading Mr Hunter YouTube Reception Theory Mrs Fishers Reception Theory
- 52. STUART HALL • Meaningin texts is encoded through media language. • The ways in which texts are decoded often reflect the encoded meaning although this cannot be guaranteed. • These ‘preferred’ readings are likely to be dominant due to the positioning of the audience through media language. • Other possible readings can be described as negotiated or oppositional, reflecting resistance to the encoded meaning.
- 53. • PREFERRED READING:Attractive young people drink Coca-Cola… I want to be like that so I will buy a coke • OPPOSITIONAL READING – I hate big companies selling junk trying to appealing to our material desires • NEGOTIATED READING – I now they just want us to buy their brand but actually this ad is quite fun and I do like the drink so I may consider buying next time I’m in a supermarket
- 57. You could have3 reactions to this representation
- 59. Mrs Fishers StuartHall Representation Theory Media Representations Stuart Hall’s Representation Theory Media Representations reinforce and construct stereotypes that support ‘dominant ideologies’.
- 60. STUART HALL • Representationsin texts are established through media language. • Media Representations are often reliant upon stereotypes which reduce social groups to simplistic characteristics or traits. • These stereotypes reflect inequalities in power leading to the subordination of certain social groups (e.g. ethnic minorities, women
- 63. Daily Mail owner: JonathanHarmsworth, 4th Viscount Rothermere Ranked 4th in the Publishing, Advertising, and PR section of the Sunday Times Rich List 2013 with an estimated wealth of £720
- 64. Liesbet Van Zoonen Representationsof gender in the media reflect ‘patriarchal’ society.
- 65.
- 66. Laura Mulvey TheMale Gaze The male gaze is the act of depicting women from a masculine, heterosexual perspective that presents and represents women as sexual objects for the pleasure of the male viewer. Active/male and passive/female
- 67. • Read thearticle and answer the questions HOMEWORK
- 68. Tide to thekitchen sink questions •What might give you a good indication of society’s values, ideologies and aspirations? •How is mass media funded? •The new America sought to reward returning servicemen with “homes fit for heroes”. What did this mean according to the article? •Who created the Tide adverts? •Name the two traumatic events the US had recently emerged from? •Discuss why policy makers feared women at that time. •How was this fear reflected in film? •What was the focus of the media and the government in persuading women to revert back to mothers and wives? •The image of the ‘perfect’ housewife embracing her box of Tide contains a deeper meaning? What is it? •How might Laura Mulvey and Stuart Hall sum up the situation? •Discuss the ideal woman in a Tide advert. •What female identities were unacceptable? •In the advert on page 39, what do the love hearts connote? •Discuss what ‘isms’ were common and examples of its use. •What was encoded and decoded in the Male Gaze media? •This pressure to conform led to medical problems and social change. Discuss what these were.
- 69. David Gauntlett Modern mediaoffers audiences the’ tools’ to construct alternative identities that challenge traditional stereotypes.
- 70. David Gauntlett’s IdentityTheory https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tTRk3Y6BnqA 1: Identities that teach us about ourselves 2: Old representations were simple (men strong, women housewives) NOW they are more complex and non-binary
- 71. The study ofsigns = SEMIOTICS DenotationDenotation - what we see/read ConnotationConnotation - how we interpret these things
- 72. SEMIOTICS Roland Barthes’ SemioticTheory https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bow0Y9QUlBU 1.Symbolic Code – symbols that connote meaning 2.Semantic Code – Connotation eg colours that symbol a meaning 3.Proairetic/Action Code – an action/body language that infers something 4.Hermeneutic/Enigma Code – a mystery that lures you in 5.Cultural/Referential Code – esoteric – can exclude if not part of that group. In joke/code
- 73.
- 74. 1971 advert fora mini automatic 1.How is this character being portrayed? 2.Why? 3.Is it a stereotype? 4.Who is the gatekeeper? 5.Who is the target audience?
- 75. How are theserepresented in adverts? • Children • Women • Young males
- 76. PROPP’s STOCK CHARACTERS VladimirPropp (Russian scholar 1928) studied folk tales and concluded that all narratives have some/all of the following 8 characters
- 77. Vladimir Propp’s Theory ofStock Characters
- 78.
- 79.
- 80. The Princess Usually in distress and in need of saving ‘The prize’and usually marries the hero
- 81.
- 82.
- 83.
- 84.
- 85. Vladimir Propp’s Stockcharacters • The Villain – struggles with the hero • The Dispatcher – sends the hero off • The Helper – helps the hero in their quest • The Princess or Prize –the hero’s journey often finishes with a uniting with the hero (saves, marries) • Her Father – gives the task to the hero (not as easy to indentify) • The Donor – gives the hero something that will help n his quest • The Hero (or victim) • The False Hero – takes credit for the hero’s action and tries to get the princess
- 86. EXTENSION Representation of genderin Video Games
- 87. Representations of gender Manyearly video games were designed by and for teenage / 20-something young men.
- 88. Representations of gender Malecharacters tended to be strong, muscular, brave and powerful - perhaps an aspiration or fantasy of the ideal self for many gamers? Alpha Male Macho
- 90. Representations of gender Femalecharacters tended to play secondary roles, and were often represented in sexualised ways - again perhaps an an aspiration or fantasy image of a girlfriend for many gamers?
- 91. Representation and gender Theserepresentations seem old-fashioned now. The audience for video games includes a lot of older people, and a lot of girls and women. But these stereotyped representations of men and women have carried on in many games.
- 92. Representation today -gender A study of the main (playable) characters in the 150 most popular games in America in 2012 showed: o ? % were adult males? o ?% were female?
- 93. Representation today -gender A study of the main (playable) characters in the 150 most popular games in America in 2012 showed: o over 80% were adult males o less than 20% were female
- 94. Representation today -ethnicity A study of the main (playable) characters in the 150 most popular games in America in 2012 showed: o ?% were black ? o ?% were Asian ? o ?% were Hispanic ? o ?% children or old people ?
- 95. Representation today What isyour overall evaluation of the representation of video game characters? o over 80% were adult males o less than 20% were female o over 80% were white o 15% were black o 4% were Asian o almost none were Hispanic o there were very few children or old people
- 96. Tropes vs womenin video games This series suggests a key stereotype of women in video games is the Damsel in Distress, a woman who needs rescuing, by a male character. https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=LjImnqH_KwM
- 97. Tropes vs womenin video games This series suggests a key stereotype of women in video games is the Damsel in Distress, a woman who needs rescuing, by a male character. 1. The Damsel in Distress - part 1 2. The Damsel in Distress - part 2
- 98. Women are stereotypedin video games? Do you agree? Can you think of any games where women are NOT the damsels in distress? Or games where they have other roles?
- 99. Stereotypes sell games Videogames sell better when they use stereotypes. The audience finds stereotypes (e.g. the tough aggressive soldier, the damsel in distress) easy to recognise and easy to understand. Using stereotypes makes it easier to market (sell) a game. But it also means that people who don’t fit the stereotype aren’t represented in games – they become ‘invisible.’ Do you think this is true? And if it is true, is it OK?
- 100. Comparing representations Comment onthese aspects of representation Chris Redfield Resident Evil 6 Lara Croft Tomb Raider body size and shape - what features are emphasised? costume- what do they wear? props - what items to they tend to have / use? facial expressions? gestures? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZ0TlRKrKKQ
- 101.
- 102.
- 103. Lara Croft isoften cited as the first Strong woman role model in films and video games The evolution of Lara Croft http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Auuf8ePOoLc
- 104. Grand Theft AutoV http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y0gotQ06I8I 3’24” – 4’32” • Traditional representation? • Modern/challenges traditional representations?
- 105. Grand Theft AutoV Traditional representation? Nagging wife Bikini clad blonde ‘Poor white trash’ ‘Trailer Trash’ Modern/challenges traditional representations? A crook with an analyst (a sensitive side?) Main black characters Music by Queen – well known gay lead singer
- 106. Gaming today: Thegamers What % are female? What gender are the seerious gamers Which gender uses the console the most? Which gender uses the smartphone or DS Wii more? Average age of a gamer?
- 107. Gaming today: Thegamers Over 40% of video gamers are female. Women tend to play on smartphones, on Nintendo DS consoles and on Wii consoles. They are more likely to be casual or social gamers. Men still tend to dominate the console (X-box, PlayStation) market, and over 70% of serious gamers are male. The average age of gamers is 37 years (although younger people tend to put in more gaming hours).
Editor's Notes
- #98 Trope= common or overused theme or device; Each 'trope' video is about 20 mins long, but is reasonably watchable and accessible. The second one considers more recent representations.