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Reproduction
The document discusses reproduction, detailing the two types: asexual and sexual. Asexual reproduction includes methods like sporulation, fragmentation, and cloning, while sexual reproduction leads to genetic diversity. It also describes the process of cloning and the formation of twins, including types such as identical, fraternal, and conjoined twins.
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Reproduction is the process by which living organisms produce offspring. It involves heredity and can be asexual or sexual.
Asexual reproduction requires one parent and is reliable but lacks genetic variation. It is simpler and common in various organisms.
Types include sporulation, fragmentation, regeneration, binary fission, budding, and vegetative propagation.
Sporulation involves spores that can develop into new organisms under favorable conditions and are dispersed by various means.
Fragmentation allows an organism to grow new individuals from broken parts, relying on good regeneration.
Regeneration enables organisms to regrow injured parts, notable in plants (roots/stems/leaves) and some animals like starfish.
In binary fission, a single parent divides into two identical offspring, typical in bacteria and amoebas.
Budding occurs when an outgrowth forms on the parent and detaches, producing genetically identical offspring (e.g., Hydra).
Techniques in vegetative propagation include bulbs, rhizomes, runners, and tubers, allowing rapid plant reproduction.
Cloning involves creating an exact genetic replica of an organism, ensuring identical DNA.
Cloning is done via artificial embryo twinning and somatic cell nuclear transfer; DNA cloning generates copies of specific genes.
Benefits of cloning include advances in medicine, aiding fertility, reversing aging, and protecting species.
Challenges include uncertainties, potential health risks, and ethical abuses associated with cloning.
Dolly was the first mammal cloned from an adult cell, showcasing successful cloning techniques and raising awareness on cloning.
Twins arise from the same pregnancy and can be identical, fraternal, or conjoined, showcasing different reproductive outcomes.
Twin formation begins with fertilization, leading to embryo development and the eventual birth of identical or fraternal twins.
Identical twins originate from one fertilized egg that splits, sharing identical genetic material.
Fraternal twins come from two separately fertilized eggs, potentially of different sexes and genes.
Conjoined twins are physically joined and classified by their attachment location, highlighting unique biological occurrences.
Closing remark by Lavanya Topa, summarizing the presentation on reproduction and its various forms.
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Reproduction
- 2. REPRODUCTION Reproduction isthe capacity of all living things to give rise to new living things. It includes the transmission of hereditary material from the parent/parents. The two types of reproduction are: Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction
- 3. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION Isthe simplest form of reproduction. Occurs in plants, animals, bacteria, and protists Requires one parent. Is more reliable than sexual reproduction. Doesn’t allow for any type of genetic variation.
- 4. TYPES Sporulation Fragmentation Regeneration Binary Fission Budding Vegetative propagation
- 5. SPORULATION Sporeis a reproductive cell that produces a new organism. Spores are unicellular if conditions are right a spore will develop into a new individual. They can be carried by the wind, water, or animals
- 6. FRAGMENTATION Whena organism is broken into more than one part. Organism must have good regeneration abilities. Create many new organisms quickly.
- 7. REGENERATION Anorganism can replace/re-grow an injured or lost part Regeneration in plants from Roots Stem leaf Regeneration in animals For simple organisms No vertebrates have this power Examples are starfish and the salamander
- 8. BINARY FISSION One parent dividing into two by mitosis Offspring are always genetically identical Cells may stay close together to form filaments or colonies Examples-Bacteria and Amoebas
- 9. BUDDING Formon part of the parent by growing an outgrowth which then detaches Example- is Hydra and Yeast Offspring will always be genetically identical to the parent
- 10. VEGETATIVE PROPOGATION Plant parts make new plant Reproduction is very quick Disadvantage: many plants grow close to each other
- 11. Bulbs –Underground stem – Surrounded by colorless leaves – Colorless leaves protect the bulb – The green leaves store the food Rhizomes – Underground stem – They store food for new plant – At the end of Rhizomes nodes
- 12. Runners(strawberries) –They are above ground. – Stems – Nodes form at the end of Runners – They grow outward Tuber (potatoes) – Underground stem – Stores food – The nodes eat the tuber – Potatoes have eyes / buds to make new tubers and or reproduce
- 13. Grafting –Surgically connecting two similar plants – Ex. Apples – Not done naturally Cutting – Cutting off a stem or leaf to reproduce a new plant – Must be in wet or moist area – Combination of regeneration and fragmentation – Not done naturally
- 14.
- 15. WHAT IS CLONING? Cloning is the creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another. This means that every single bit of DNA is the same between the two! 15
- 16. HOW IS REPRODUCTIVECLONING DONE? How does one go about making an exact genetic copy of an organism? There are a couple of ways to do this: artificial embryo twinning and somatic cell nuclear transfer.
- 17. Artificial Embryo Twinning ARTIFICIAL EMBRYO TWINNING IS THE RELATIVELY LOW-TECH VERSION OF CLONING. AS THE NAME SUGGESTS, THIS TECHNOLOGY MIMICS THE NATURAL PROCESS OF CREATING IDENTICAL TWINS.
- 18. DNA cloning orGene cloning A clone has been made from this technique. DNA fragment is transferred to self-replicating element Used to generate multiple copies of the same gene Human Genome Project Study Bacterial Plasmid 10/27/2014 18
- 19. DNA cloning orGene cloning
- 20. Advantages 1/ Potentialbenefits to modern medicine 2/ Helping in fertile couples 3/ Reverse the aging process 4/ Protecting Endangered Species
- 21. Disadvantages 1/ TheElement of Uncertainty 2/ Inheriting diseases 3/ The Potential for Abuse
- 22. Dolly (1996-07-05– 2003-02-14,a ewe, was the first mammal to have been successfully cloned from an adult cell (while the mice in USSR were cloned from embryo cell back in 1986). She was cloned at the Roslyn Institute in the United Kingdom and lived there until her death when she was 6. Her birth was announced on 1997-02-22. Dolly and her first-born lamb, Bonnie
- 23.
- 24. WHAT ARE TWINS? Twins are two offspring resulting from the same pregnancy, usually born in close succession. They can be the same or different sex.
- 25. TYPES OF TWINS IDENTICAL TWINS FRATERNAL TWINS CONJOINED TWINS
- 26. STAGES OF TWINFORMATION • As off springs reproduced by fertilization. • the fertilized egg, now called a zygote divides one time, resulting in two cells. • By the sixth day after fertilization, the zygote implants itself in the uterine wall and continues to develop for nine months. • after implantation, the developing baby is called an embryo. • Around week nine of development, it is called a fetus • Now we know and twins are formed.
- 27. IDENTICAL TWINS •Occur when a single egg is fertilized to form identical which then divides into two separate embryos. • They have identical genes.
- 28. FRATERNAL TWINS •Usually occur when two fertilized eggs are implanted in the uterine wall at the same time. When two eggs are independently fertilized by two different sperm cells. • The two eggs form two zygotes. • They have same or opposite sex and they don't have to look at all alike. • They have separate placentas
- 29. CONJOINED TWINS •Conjoined twins are joined at some region of their bodies. The many different types of conjoined twins are classified by the area where the attachment is located.
- 30.
Editor's Notes
- #16 The term clone is derived from the Ancient Greek word klōn, referring to the process whereby a new plant can be created from a twig